On Nominalization Metaphor and Its Discourse Function

According to systematic-functional grammar, nominalization is an important source from which grammatical metaphor derives. Starting from the concept of nominalization, this paper, based on a great number of examples, attempts to discuss the following three issues: definition of nominalization; classification of nominalization and its discourse function, and points out that the use of nominalization can add objectivity, conciseness, precision, cohesion and coherence to English discourse

Electrical Interoperability Evaluating of Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems Based on Impedance Space

In the commercialization process of wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC), it is essential to ensure the interoperability between diverse WEVC systems due to the wide application of various coil configurations and compensation topologies. This paper proposes a novel electrical interoperability evaluation method based on impedance indices and corresponding feasible space in the complex plane. Firstly, the electromagnetic description of the coil system is introduced to reveal the energy flow process of WEVC system. Further, two key impedance indices and their feasible space are derived and verified. Interoperability evaluation results show that the reference devices in Chinese WEVC standard GB/T 38775.6 and GB/T 38775.7 are able to achieve the requirements of power capability. Moreover, it is necessary to reduce the duty cycle of rectifier when the battery voltage rises so as to narrow down the variation of load resistance and avoid dangerous working conditions. The proposed method can effectively evaluate the electrical interoperability of WEVC systems from different manufacturers under different power or distance levels before conducting experiments

Centrifuge Modeling and the Analysis of Ancient Landslides Subjected to Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation

Landslides are among the most severe natural hazards with significant impacts in human life and infrastructure. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) is vulnerable to landslides because of the geological environment and human activities. A centrifuge model test of a landslide with a planar sliding surface in the TGRA was conducted. Based on the multiple monitoring systems composed of a 3D laser scanner, pore water pressure transducers, particle image velocimetry and earth pressure sensors, multiphysical data were obtained. The work described here had the objective of researching the long-term deformation pattern of this kind of landslide that was subjected to periodic fluctuations in the reservoir water level. The results indicated that the failure processes were characterized by progressive retrogression and cracks caused by the reservoir drawdown. Transverse tensile cracks first appeared in the submerged zone of the slope. The front part of the slope was dominated by horizontal displacement, while the consolidation and compaction deformation in the vertical direction dominated at the mid-rear part of the slope. When the water level dropped again, the front part slid down and fell into the river, but the mid-rear part had no obvious deformation and exhibited a phenomenon of self-stabilization. Moreover, the phreatic line is a concave shape directed into the slope during reservoir filling and converts to a convex shape pointing out of the slope during reservoir drawdown. The earth pressures in the slope vary with the failure process of the landslide. Good agreement is obtained for the deformation characteristics between the experimental results and those of prototype landslides

Deciphering the structure-property relationship in coumarin-based supramolecular organogel materials

Understanding the influence of the molecular architecture on the self-assembly and properties of supramolecular organogel materials is necessary for elucidating the structure-property relationship. Although conventional gelation motifs (e.g., amides, long alkyl side chains, and steroidal groups) have been considered essential for the effective gel process, the lack of gelation motifs hinders the development and self-assembly of non-conventional gelators. Herein, coumarin-based derivatives (1-12) without a conventional gelation motif were designed and synthesised by inducing a one-step reaction that entails fine-tuning the molecular architecture, particularly the position of the nitrogen atom in pyridine, the substitution position of pyridine, and the placement of methyl in coumarin. A previous gelation study revealed that 7-substituted coumarin-based derivatives with methyl (1-4) are highly efficient gelators that can self-assemble to form different nanostructures, and gelate various polar protic solvents. After small-scale modification of the molecular structures, Derivatives 5-6 self-assembled and only formed gels in the alcohol phase, whereas gels were not formed by Derivatives 7-12 in various solvents. Interestingly, the fluorescence property of these gels was significantly influenced by the dielectric constant and viscosity of the solvent. Furthermore, differences in the self-assembly and fluorescence of gelators were numerically investigated by performing density functional theory calculations and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. This study provides a foundation for the development of a low-cost, non-conventional supramolecular organogel system with minimal building blocks, a modifiable self-assembly pathway, and alterable properties

A Comprehensive Study of Degradation Characteristics and Mechanisms of Commercial Li(NiMnCo)O₂ EV Batteries under Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) Services

Lithium-ion batteries on electric vehicles have been increasingly deployed for the enhancement of grid reliability and integration of renewable energy, while users are concerned about extra battery degradation caused by vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations. This paper details a multi-year cycling study of commercial 24 Ah pouch batteries with Li(NiMnCo)O2 (NCM) cathode, varying the average state of charge (SOC), depth of discharge (DOD), and charging rate by 33 groups of experiment matrix. Based on the reduced freedom voltage parameter reconstruction (RF-VPR), a more efficient non-intrusive diagnosis is combined with incremental capacity (IC) analysis to evaluate the aging mechanisms including loss of lithium-ion inventory and loss of active material on the cathode and anode. By analyzing the evolution of indicator parameters and the cumulative degradation function (CDF) of the battery capacity, a non-linear degradation model with calendar and cyclic aging is established to evaluate the battery aging cost under different unmanaged charging (V0G) and V2G scenarios. The result shows that, although the extra energy throughput would cause cyclic degradation, discharging from SOC 90 to 65% by V2G will surprisingly alleviate the battery decaying by 0.95% compared to the EV charged within 90–100% SOC, due to the improvement of calendar life. By optimal charging strategies, the connection to the smart grid can potentially extend the EV battery life beyond the scenarios without V2G