Developing a 'Neo-Metric' for the evaluation of translation memory

A novel system by which Translation Memory (TM) tools can be evaluated would be desirable for translation industry stakeholders. Such evaluation systems are commonly known as metrics. While metrics devised to evaluate Machine Translation (MT) are well developed, there has been limited work on the creation of a TM tool metric. This paper discusses the creation of a ‘Neo-Metric’ designed to help translators, translation professionals and translation industry stakeholders as they evaluate TM software. Having identified a need for such a metric, a brief literature review is conducted. Variables to be included in the Neo-Metric are discussed, and an initial metric is introduced. This first version of the metric is briefly tested, weaknesses are identified, and based on these initial tests, a refined metric is developed for more in-depth testing along with testing in the field, both to be discussed in future papers

Ligand isotope vibrational studies of metal(II) complexes with particular reference to heterocyclic N-oxides

Includes bibliographical references.A critical examination of the characteristic N-O vibrational frequencies of aromatic N-oxides questions the widely held assignment of αN-O (840cm⁻¹) and YN-O (47oon- 1). The present investigation supports the assignments of αN-O (470cm⁻¹) and γN-O (280cm⁻¹), with the assignment of the band at 840cm⁻¹ as being vring coupled with νN-O

Developing a 'Neo-Metric' for the evaluation of translation memory

A novel system by which Translation Memory (TM) tools can be evaluated would be desirable for translation industry stakeholders. Such evaluation systems are commonly known as metrics. While metrics devised to evaluate Machine Translation (MT) are well developed, there has been limited work on the creation of a TM tool metric. This paper discusses the creation of a ‘Neo-Metric’ designed to help translators, translation professionals and translation industry stakeholders as they evaluate TM software. Having identified a need for such a metric, a brief literature review is conducted. Variables to be included in the Neo-Metric are discussed, and an initial metric is introduced. This first version of the metric is briefly tested, weaknesses are identified, and based on these initial tests, a refined metric is developed for more in-depth testing along with testing in the field, both to be discussed in future papers

Animal suffering in factory farming and the best way to prevent it

This thesis moves beyond the traditional approaches of how we ought to treat animals, and instead concentrates on the best strategy for preventing animal suffering in the farming industry. Chapter 1 considers the question of how we can know that animals feel pain, and concludes not only that it is rational to believe that they can, but also that this is a significant fact. Chapter 2 then analyses one possible strategy for helping to prevent animal suffering, namely demi-vegetarianism. For a number of reasons, however, this strategy is found to be flawed, therefore Chapter 3 analyses a second possible strategy, namely vegetarianism, and concludes that this is, in fact, the best strategy for helping to prevent animal suffering in the farming industry

Wear fatigue in nickel superalloys.

To date, work to assess the progression of wear and the effects of wear damage on low cycle fatigue has tended to be focused on specific components and their operating conditions. Although effective in the short term to solve today’s problems, these efforts often deliver insufficient understanding of the overall design space limits to have much influence of future component design.Therefore, the following research attempts to understand how wear damage progresses and how it impacts on fatigue performance in order to develop more accurate lifing models to predict the behaviour and life of real engine components.In order to do this, a survey of the internal Rolls-Royce database and public literature on wear damage on components from ex-service and current service engines was performed. Information relating to the wear scar morphologies in the reports was extracted as well as physically measuring and analysing wear damage on worn components within the Rolls- Royce failure investigation department. The wear damage was then replicated onto Udimet720Li laboratory fatigue specimens by a means of altering the pad pressure and pad sliding distance to produce a range of wear damage in order to carry out fatigue testing. Fatigue testing of the damaged specimens allowed fatigue knockdown factors to be calculated to determine the impact of wear on the fatigue life.A fretting fatigue rig was also designed and built for this research to focus on in-situ fretting fatigue at high temperatures of 600°C

Expression of thromboxane synthase, TBXAS1 and the thromboxane A2 receptor, TBXA2R, in human breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Thromboxane synthase (TxS) metabolizes the cyclooxygenase product, prostaglandin H(2), into thromboxanes. Some of the thromboxanes are known to be biologically active on cancer cells. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of thromboxane synthases, TBXAS1 and the thromboxane A2 receptor, TBXA2R in a cohort of human breast cancer patients and also to assess their potential clinical relevance. METHODS: Human breast tumour tissues (n = 120) and non-neoplastic mammary tissues (n = 32) were studied. Levels of TBXA2R and TBXAS1 transcripts were quantified using quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis and correlated with clinical/pathological information including nodal status, grade, prognosis and long term survival (median follow-up period 120 months). RESULTS: Breast tumour tissue expressed higher levels of TBXA2R compared with normal mammary tissues, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). There was no difference between tumour and normal tissues for TBXAS1. However, TBXA2R expression was significantly increased in grade 3 tumours(p = 0.006 vs grade 1), while TBXAS1 was significantly reduced in grade 3 tumours (p = 0.026 vs grade 1 tumours). A similar differential expression pattern was seen in tumours from patients with different prognosis, in that patients with predicted poor prognosis had higher, but not statistically different, levels of TBXA2R, and significantly lower levels of TBXAS1 (p = 0.008). Finally, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis has shown that patients with high levels of TBXA2R had significantly shorter disease free survival (103.8 (79.1–128.5) months) compared with those with low levels (123.7 (112.0–135.3)) months, p = 0.043. CONCLUSION: Thromboxane synthases are differentially expressed in human breast cancer. While TBXA2R is highly expressed in aggressive tumours and linked with poor prognosis, TBXAS1 is expressed at significantly low levels in high grade tumours and tumour patients with poor prognosis. TBXA2R thus has a significant prognostic value in clinical breast cancer

Ambient greenness, access to local green spaces, and subsequent mental health: a 10-year longitudinal dynamic panel study of 2·3 million adults in Wales

Background: Evidence suggests living in greener areas, or close to green blue spaces (GBS; parks, lakes, or beaches) benefits mental health, but longitudinal evidence when GBS exposures precede outcomes is limited. We aimed to analyse the impact of living in greener areas, or close to GBS over time on subsequent adult mental health, explicitly considering health inequalities, and disentangling the mental health benefits of potentially accessing GBS from living in greener areas.Methods; A cohort of the adults in Wales, UK (>16 years; n=2,341,591) was constructed from electronic health record (EHR) data sources, 2008-2019, comprising 19,141,896 person-years of follow-up. Household ambient greenness (Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI), access to GBS (counts, distance to nearest); and common mental health disorders (CMD, based on a validated algorithm combining current diagnoses or symptoms of anxiety or depression (treated or untreated in the preceding one-year period), or treatment of historical diagnosis(es) frombefore the ‘current’ cohort (up to 8 years prior, to 2000), where diagnosis preceded treatment) were record-linked. Cumulative exposure values were created for each adult, censoring for CMD, migration out-of-Wales, death, or end of cohort. Exposure and CMD associations were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression, stratified by area-level deprivation.Findings: After adjustment, exposure to greater ambient greenness over time (+0.1 increased EVI on a 0-1 scale) was associated with lower odds of subsequent CMD (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.81), where CMD was based on a combination of current diagnoses or symptoms (treated or untreated in the preceding one-year period), or treatments). Ten percentile points more access to GBS was associated with lower odds of a later CMD (AOR = 0.93 95% CI 0.93, 0.93). Every additional 360m to the nearest GBS was associated with higher odds of CMD (AOR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04, 1.05). We found differences across deprivation quintiles. Interpretation Ambient exposure is associated with the greatest reduced risk of CMD, particularly for adults who live in deprived communities. Findings support authorities responsible for GBS who are attempting to engage planners and policy makers, to ensure GBS meets resident needs

The crystal structure of 2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl acetate, C11H8O4

C11H8O4, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 4.5947(2) Å, b = 10.5414(3) Å, c = 19.1611(7) Å, β = 94.084(2)°, V = 925.70(6) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0376, wRref(F 2) = 0.1109,T = 200(2) K.CCDC no.: 190638