Relative Attraction of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to the Eight Isomers of Trimedlure

ABSTRACT Relative attractiveness tests with the eight individual racemic isomers of trimedlure, teTt-butyl 4(and 5)-chloro-c1s-and tTans-2-methylcyclohexane-l-carboxylate (TML), showed that one of the four cis isomers, TML-Y (teTt-butyl c1s-5-chloro-cis-2-methylcyclohexane-I-carboxylate), was attractive to CeTatitis capitata (Wiedemann) and long lasting. The isomer is present in cis-TML in a concentration of about 5%. The three other cis isomers, which are present in about equal amounts, were unattractive. The relative attractiveness of the four tTans isomers was the same as reported previously. Possible structure-activity relationships are discussed. KEY WORDS Insecta, CeTatitis capitata, attractant, lure MALE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLIES, CeTatitis capitata (Wiedemann) are strongly attracted to trimedlure, tert-butyl 4(and 5)-chloro-cis-and trans-2-methy Icyclohexane-l-carboxylate (TML), which consists of a blend of eight racemic isomers (Beroza et a!. 1961). Commercially synthesized TML contains 90-95% of the four possible trans isomers, which are designated TML-A

Soil corrosion monitoring near a pipeline under CP

Electrochemical noise (EN), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and harmonic distortion analysis (HDA) were used with three-electrode probes to monitor the corrosion occurring in soil in dry and wet conditions near a gas pipeline under cathodic protection. The test site was a cathodic protection (CP) test station where impressed current CP was applied to a 2 in. (5.1 cm) diameter FBE coated steel pipe using an 84 in. (0.2 m) TA-2 high-silicon cast iron anode. Electrochemical measurements were made at three locations, two inside the CP field and one outside the CP field. Electrochemical measurements were first made with the CP system off to establish the baseline corrosion and then with increasing levels of CP. The degree of protection was based on polarized potential and the adequacy of protection was determined by depolarization measurements. CP of an adjacent pipeline did not affect the measurement of either corrosion rate or pitting factor when using buried soil corrosion probes and the EN, LPR, and HDA techniques

Notch Signaling Regulates Bile Duct Morphogenesis in Mice

BACKGROUND: Alagille syndrome is a developmental disorder caused predominantly by mutations in the Jagged1 (JAG1) gene, which encodes a ligand for Notch family receptors. A characteristic feature of Alagille syndrome is intrahepatic bile duct paucity. We described previously that mice doubly heterozygous for Jag1 and Notch2 mutations are an excellent model for Alagille syndrome. However, our previous study did not establish whether bile duct paucity in Jag1/Notch2 double heterozygous mice resulted from impaired differentiation of bile duct precursor cells, or from defects in bile duct morphogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we characterize embryonic biliary tract formation in our previously described Jag1/Notch2 double heterozygous Alagille syndrome model, and describe another mouse model of bile duct paucity resulting from liver-specific deletion of the Notch2 gene. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data support a model in which bile duct paucity in Notch pathway loss of function mutant mice results from defects in bile duct morphogenesis rather than cell fate specification

Efficacy of Major Plant Extracts/Molecules on Field Insect Pests

Insect pests are considered the major hurdle in enhancing the production and productivity of any farming system. The use of conventional synthetic pesticides has led to the emergence of pesticide-resistant insects, environmental pollution, and negative effects on natural enemies, which have caused an ecological imbalance of the predator-prey ratio and human health hazards; therefore, eco-friendly alternative strategies are required. The plant kingdom, a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites, can be tapped as an alternative for insect pest management strategies. A number of plants have been documented to have insecticidal properties against various orders of insects in vitro by acting as antifeedants, repellents, sterilant and oviposition deterrents, etc. However, only a few plant compounds are applicable at the field level or presently commercialised. Here, we have provided an overview of the broad-spectrum insecticidal activity of plant compounds from neem, Annona, Pongamia, and Jatropha. Additionally, the impact of medicinal plants, herbs, spices, and essential oils has been reviewed briefl

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss): organisms affected and reference list update

Volume: 91Start Page: 367End Page: 38

Adult house fly feeding deterrent from neem seeds /

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Azadirachta indica : a source of insect feeding inhibitors and growth regulators /

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