23 research outputs found

    The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian Cancer

    Get PDF
    Androgens, steroid hormones produced by follicular cells, play a crucial role in the regulation of ovarian function. They affect folliculogenesis directly through androgen receptors (ARs) or indirectly through aromatization to estrogens. Androgens are thought to be primarily involved in preantral follicle growth and prevention of follicular atresia. It also seems possible that they are involved in the activation of primordial follicles. According to the World Health Organization, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter hormonal signaling. EDCs comprise a wide variety of synthetic or natural chemicals arising from anthropogenic, industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. EDCs interfere with natural regulation of the endocrine system by either mimicking or blocking the function of endogenous hormones as well as acting directly on gene expression or through epigenetic modifications. Disruptions in ovarian processes caused by EDCs may originate adverse outcomes such as anovulation, infertility, or premature ovarian failure. In this chapter, we aim to point out a possible involvement of androgen excess or deficiency in the regulation of ovarian function. We will summarize the effects of EDCs expressing antiandrogenic or androgenic activity on female physiology. Continuous exposition to even small concentration of such compounds can initiate oncogenesis within the ovary

    Domniemane kom贸rki macierzyste izolowane z jajnika niedojrza艂ej p艂ciowo 艣wini : ich charakterystyka oraz ocena mo偶liwo艣ci transformacji nowotworowej

    No full text
    Jajnik ssak贸w jest parzystym gruczo艂em rozrodczym umiejscowionym wewn膮trz jamy otrzewnej. Ze wzgl臋du na morfologi臋 i funkcj臋 sk艂ada si臋 z dw贸ch g艂贸wnych stref: kory i rdzenia. Kora zbudowana jest z tkanki 艂膮cznej, w kt贸rej znajduj膮 si臋 p臋cherzyki jajnikowe w r贸偶nych stadiach rozwojowych. Jest te偶 藕r贸d艂em r贸偶nych populacji doros艂ych kom贸rek macierzystych (ASCs). Domniemane kom贸rki macierzyste (PSCs) to heterogenna populacja drobnych i okr膮g艂ych ASCs z j膮drem wype艂niaj膮cym prawie ca艂膮 kom贸rk臋. PSCs zosta艂y wyizolowane immunomagnetycznie wzgl臋dem epitop贸w SSEA-4 i CD34 z kory jajnika trawionej enzymatycznie. Jednak w toku bada艅, ze wzgl臋du na profil ekspresji marker贸w typowych dla kom贸rek macierzystych wybrano PSCs izolowane wy艂膮cznie wzgl臋dem epitopu SSEA-4. Charakterystyka fenotypowa uzyskanych kom贸rek PSC SSEA-4+ wykaza艂a, ekspresj臋 marker贸w multipotencjalnych, mezenchymalnych kom贸rek macierzystych (MSCs) przy braku specyficznej ekspresji kluczowych marker贸w pluripotencji. Ponadto w hodowli in vitro PSCs SSEA-4+ tworzy艂y typowe dla kom贸rek macierzystych skupiska przypominaj膮ce cia艂a embrioidalne. PSCs SSEA-4+ r贸偶nicowa艂y si臋 w kom贸rki uk艂adu nerwowego pod wp艂ywem zwi膮zk贸w takich jak forskolina, kwas retinowy i bFGF. Ekspresja nestyny i NeuN 艣wiadczy o zr贸偶nicowaniu PSCs SSEA-4+ w kom贸rki podobne do neuron贸w, a ekspresja GFAP dowodzi, 偶e niekt贸re z nich zr贸偶nicowa艂y si臋 r贸wnie偶 w glej. Dodatkowo analiza aktywno艣ci kana艂贸w jonowych patch clamp potwierdzi艂a, 偶e w wyniku r贸偶nicowania otrzymano kom贸rki, kt贸re elektrofizjologicznie zachowuj膮 si臋 jak neurony. PSCs SSEA-4+ r贸偶nicowano tak偶e w 艣r贸db艂onek naczy艅 przy pomocy czynnik贸w wzrostu m. in. bFGF, VEGF, R3-IGF-1 oraz hEGF. Analizy charakterystycznych dla 艣r贸db艂onka naczy艅 marker贸w takich jak VE-kadheryna i VEGFR dowodz膮, 偶e uzyskane kom贸rki rzeczywi艣cie s膮 kom贸rkami 艣r贸db艂onka. Potwierdzaj膮 to r贸wnie偶 testy funkcjonowania kom贸rek. Zar贸wno w te艣cie migracji jak i te艣cie tworzenia naczy艅 uzyskano pozytywne wyniki. Steroidy anaboliczne s膮 wci膮偶 powszechnie stosowane w masowej hodowli zwierz膮t gospodarskich oraz nielegalnie stosowane tak przez sportowc贸w, jak i amator贸w, pomimo, 偶e s膮 uznawane za zwi膮zki potencjalnie rakotw贸rcze. W niniejszej pracy badano wp艂yw wybranych steroid贸w anabolicznych (boldenon i nandrolon) na PSCs SSEA-4+. Boldenon i nandrolon maj膮 silne dzia艂anie anaboliczne oraz s艂abe dzia艂anie androgenowe prawdopodobnie przez receptor androgenowy (AR). Dodatkowo nandrolon jest silnym progestagenem, przez co jeszcze silniej mo偶e zaburza膰 funkcjonowanie 偶e艅skiego uk艂adu rozrodczego. PSCs SSEA-4+ hodowano in vitro w obecno艣ci obu steroid贸w oddzielnie przez 7 i 14 dni. Zar贸wno po 7 jak i 14 dniach oba zwi膮zki indukowa艂y podwy偶szon膮 ekspresj臋 bia艂ek CD44 i CD133, kt贸rych nadekspresja jest charakterystyczna dla macierzystych kom贸rek nowotworowych (CSC) oraz nowotwor贸w jajnika. Izolowane immunomagnetycznie PSCs SSEA-4+ maj膮 charakter multipotencjalnych MSCs. Z powodzeniem mog膮 by膰 r贸偶nicowane w r贸偶ne kom贸rki uk艂adu nerwowego oraz w kom贸rki 艣r贸db艂onka naczy艅. Dodatkowo s膮 podatne na dzia艂anie innych zwi膮zk贸w endokrynnie czynnych w tym steroid贸w anabolicznych, kt贸re mog膮 potencjalnie kierowa膰 PSCs SSEA-4+ na drog臋 kancerogenezy.Mammalian ovaries are the twin reproductive glands located inside the peritoneal cavity. According to morphology and function, the ovaries consists of two main zones: the cortex and the core. The ovarian cortex is made up of connective tissue with follicles at various stages of development. It is also a source of different adult stem cell (ASCs) populations. Putative stem cells (PSCs) are a heterogeneous population of tiny and round ASCs with a nucleus that fills almost the entire cell. PSCs were immunomagnetically isolated due to the presence of SSEA-4 and CD34 epitopes from the ovarian cortex which was enzymatically digested. Based on the expression of stem cells (SCs) markers, for further experiments we chose PSCs isolated only for the presence of the SSEA-4 epitope. Characterization of the PSCs SSEA-4+ phenotype revealed the expression of multipotent, mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) markers. In contrast, PSCs SSEA-4+ do not show specific expression of key pluripotency markers. In addition, PSCs SSEA-4+ cultured in vitro formed aggregates which are similar to embryonic bodies typical of SCs. PSCs SSEA-4+ differentiated into cells of the nervous system with compounds such as forskolin, retinoic acid and bFGF. Expression of nestin and NeuN indicates the differentiation of PSCs SSEA-4+ into neuron-like cells, whereas expression of GFAP proves that part of the PSCs SSEA-4+ also differentiated into glial cells. Moreover analysis of the activity of ionic channels by the patch clamp method confirmed that as a result of differentiation, cells that electrophysiologically behave like neurons were obtained. PSCs SSEA-4+ were also differentiated into the vascular endothelium using growth factors such as bFGF, VEGF, R3-IGF-1 and hEGF. Analysis of characteristic endothelial markers such as VE-cadherin and VEGFR shows that the cells obtained are indeed endothelial cells. This is also confirmed by cell functioning tests. In both the migration test and the vascular test, positive results were obtained. Anabolic steroids are still widely used in the industrial livestock breeding and illegally used, both by athletes and amateurs, although they are considered to be potentially carcinogenic. This work investigated the effect of selected anabolic steroids (boldenone and nandrolone) on PSCs SSEA-4+. Boldenone and nandrolone are probably to have a strong anabolic effect and weak androgenic effects via the androgen receptor (AR). In addition, nandrolone is a strong progestogen, which may even more actively affect the functioning of the female reproductive system. PSCs SSEA-4+ were cultured in vitro in the presence of both steroids separately for 7 and 14 days. After that time both compounds contributed to the increased expression of CD44 and CD133 proteins, whose overexpression is characteristic of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and ovarian tumors. Immunomagnetically isolated PSCs SSEA-4+ are multipotent MSCs. They can be successfully differentiated into various cells of the nervous system and endothelial cells. Moreover PSC SSEA-4+ are susceptible to other endocrine compounds, including anabolic steroids, which may potentially direct PSC SSEA-4+ into carcinogenesis

    Stem cells of ovary.

    No full text
    Celem niniejszej pracy jest og贸lna charakterystyka kom贸rek macierzystych.Przedstawiono w niej sposoby klasyfikacji i obszary wyst臋powania tych niezwyk艂ychkom贸rek zgodne ze stanem wsp贸艂czesnej wiedzy. Zilustrowano spos贸b, w jaki si臋 dziel膮i r贸偶nicuj膮 do innych typ贸w kom贸rek. Wspomniano r贸wnie偶 o konsekwencjach etycznych,jakie nios膮 za sob膮 badania, szczeg贸lnie nad embrionalnymi kom贸rkami macierzystymi.W pracy skupiono si臋 g艂贸wnie na macierzystych kom贸rkach serca, macicy i jajnika. Tow艂a艣nie w nich upatruje si臋 藕r贸d艂a nowych metod leczenia. W przypadku serca zwr贸conoszczeg贸ln膮 uwag臋 na metody izolacji i ewentualne zastosowanie kardiomiocyt贸wmacierzystych we wsp贸艂czesnej medycynie. Ukazano zdolno艣膰 kom贸rek macierzystychmacicy do indukcji w inne typy kom贸rek. Na ko艅cu zreferowano wyniki bada艅 nadidentyfikacj膮 gen贸w markerowych dla kom贸rek macierzystych jajnika. Mimo, i偶zastosowanie kom贸rek macierzystych, zw艂aszcza wykorzystanie ich w medycynie, to bezw膮tpienia ogromna korzy艣膰, nie brakuje wielu kontrowersji, wynikaj膮cych g艂贸wnie z etycznejstrony dotycz膮cej ich stosowania. Dlatego konieczne jest prowadzenie bada艅, maj膮cych nacelu uzyskiwanie kom贸rek macierzystych w spos贸b, zgodny z etycznymi pogl膮dami na tematludzkiego 偶ycia.The aim of this study is the general characteristics of the stem cells together with theclassification and localization of these unusual cells, consistently with contemporaryknowledge. In this manuscript it was tried to illustrate how the stem cells divide anddifferentiate into other cell types. Furthermore, it was mentioned about ethical consequenceswhich are the part of researches, particularly above all the germ stem cells. This studyconcentrated mainly on stem cells isolated from the heart, the uterus and the ovary. Exactly inthis cells we are tracking the source of new medical methods of treatment because of theirunique regenerative abilities. In case of the cardiac stem cells it was paid special attention tomethods of its isolation and possible application for treating heart diseases in the cell-basedtherapies. It was also demonstrated that the uterus stem cells have an extensive ability toinduction into other types of cells. However, much work remains to be done in the laboratoryand the clinic to understand how to use these cells for regenerative medicine. At the endfindings were reported about the identification of marker genes for stem cells isolated frommature ovary. In summary, stem cell research is one of the most fascinating areas ofcontemporary biology, but, as with many expanding fields of scientific inquiry, research onstem cells raises scientific and ethic questions as rapidly as it generates new discoveries

    Non-genomic mechanism of antiandrogens action in porcine ovarian follicles

    No full text
    Celem pracy by艂a identyfikacja pozagenomowego szlaku przekazywania sygna艂u w kom贸rkach ziarnistych izolowanych z p臋cherzyk贸w jajnikowych 艣wi艅, hodowanych wst臋pnie 24 godziny. Na ostatnie 5, 15, 30 i 60 minut hodowli, do medium hodowlanego dodawano odpowiednio testosteron (T, 1脳10-7M), 2-hydroksyflutamid (2-Hf, 1,5脳10-4M), vinclozolin臋 (Vnz, 1,4脳10-5M), testosteron w obecno艣ci 2-hydroksyflutamidu (T+2-Hf) oraz testosteron w obecno艣ci vinclozoliny (T+Vnz). Z kom贸rek wyizolowano bia艂ko ca艂kowite, kt贸re badano pod k膮tem ekspresji kinaz Erk 1/2 i Akt oraz ich form ufosforylowanych. Przeprowadzono r贸wnie偶 badanie aktywno艣ci wymienionych kinaz metod膮 ELISA. Analizowane kinazy bia艂kowe s膮 sk艂adnikami wewn膮trzkom贸rkowych szlak贸w sygnalizacyjnych. Stwierdzono, 偶e kr贸tko po dodaniu badanych czynnik贸w nast臋puje wzrost zar贸wno ekspresji jak aktywno艣ci kinaz. Jest to szczeg贸lnie widoczne w grupach eksperymentalnych, w kt贸rych stosowano antyandrogeny w obecno艣ci egzogennego testosteronu. Zjawisko to mo偶na t艂umaczy膰 w艂膮czeniem pozagenomowego szlaku przekazywania sygna艂u, w艂a艣nie pod wp艂ywem podawanych antyandrogen贸w. Zar贸wno 2-hydroksyflutamid jak i vinclozolin臋 zalicza si臋 do niesteroidowych antagonist贸w receptora AR. Pierwszy z nich jest lekiem stosowanym w leczeniu hormonalnozale偶nego nowotworu prostaty i jajnik贸w. Drugi, to fungicyd stosowany powszechnie w rolnictwie. Otrzymane wyniki 艣wiadcz膮 o tym, 偶e Vnz zaburza prawid艂owe dzia艂anie uk艂adu rozrodczego, prawdopodobnie indukuj膮c 艣mier膰 kom贸rek ziarnistych p臋cherzyka jajnikowego.The aim of this study was to investigate whether the androgen: testosterone (T) and the antiandrogens: 2-hydroxyflutamide (2-Hf) and vinclozolin (Vnz), influence cell signal transduction pathways in cultured (24 hours) granulosa cells isolated form porcine ovarian follicles. After that, T (1脳10-7M), 2-Hf (1,5脳10-4M), Vnz (1,4脳10-5M) or both T+2-Hf and T+Vnz were added to the culture media. After increasing time of cell incubation (1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 min) the culture medium was removed and cells were lysed. Thirty micrograms of protein from each treatment group were examined by Western blot analysis to reveal the influence of antiandrogens on both, ERK1/2 and Akt kinases protein expression. Moreover, kinases activity were investigated by ELISA.The addition of as 2-Hf as Vnz to the culture media of granulosa cells increased phosphorylation and activity of ERK1/2 and Akt kinases. These results suggest that normal function of the ovary may be destroyed by the antiandrogens. They can activate the nongenomic signaling pathway used by androgens or act through the AR. This mechanism of action disturbs the physiological process of programmed cell death. It seems that selective destruction of porcine follicles is a serious consequence of their exposure to especially vinclozolin, leading to premature ovarian failure in the affected organism

    The molecular quality and mitochondrial activity of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes are affected by their exposure to three endocrine-active compounds under 3D in vitro maturation conditions

    Get PDF
    Thus far, the potential short- and long-term detrimental effects of a variety of environmental chemicals designated as endocrine-active compounds (EACs) have been found to interfere with histo- and anatomo-physiological functions of the reproductive system in humans and wildlife species. For those reasons, this study sought to examine whether selected EACs, which encompass the fungicide vinclozolin (Vnz), the androgenic anabolic steroid nandrolone (Ndn) and the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA), affect the developmental competence and molecular quality (MQ) of porcine cumulus鈥搊ocyte complexes (COCs) subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) under 3D culture conditions. The COCs underwent 3D-IVM in the presence of Vnz, Ndn or CsA for 48 h. To explore whether the selected EACs induce internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in cumulus cells (CCs), TUNEL-assisted detection of late apoptotic cells was performed. Additionally, for the detailed evaluation of pro- and antiapoptotic pathways in COCs, apoptosis proteome profiler arrays were used. To determine changes in intracellular metabolism in COCs, comprehensive assessments of mitochondrial ultrastructure and activity were carried out. Moreover, the relative abundances (RAs) of mRNAs transcribed from genes that are involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as SIRT3 and FOXO3, and intramitochondrial bioenergetic balance, such as ATP synthase subunit (ATP5A1), were ascertained. Finally, to investigate the extent of progression of oocyte maturation, the intraooplasmic levels of cAMP and the RAs of mRNA transcripts encoding regulatory and biocatalytic subunits of a heterodimeric meiosis-promoting factor, termed cyclin B1 (CCNB1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDC2), were also estimated. The obtained results provide, for the first time, strong evidence that both Vnz and Ndn decrease the developmental competence of oocytes and stimulate apoptosis processes in CCs. The present study is also the first to highlight that Vnz accelerates the maturation process in immature oocytes due to both increased ROS production and the augmented RA of the CCNB1 gene. Furthermore, Vnz was proven to trigger proapoptotic events in CCs by prompting the activity of the FOXO3 transcription factor, which regulates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In turn, Ndn was shown to inhibit oocyte maturation by inducing molecular events that ultimately lead to an increase in the intraooplasmic cAMP concentration. However, due to the simultaneous enhancement of the expression of TNF-尾 and HSP27 proteins in CCs, Ndn might be responsible for the onset of their neoplastic transformation. Finally, our current investigation is the first to clearly demonstrate that although CsA did not interfere with the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes, by inducing mitophagy in CCs, it disrupted oocyte metabolism, consequently attenuating the parameters related to the MQ of COCs. Summing up, Vnz, Ndn and CsA reduced not only the processes of growth and IVM but also the MQ of porcine COCs, which might make them unsuitable for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization by either gamete co-incubation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
    corecore