Racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes mellitus and hypertension: Influence of income and insurance status in a cross-sectional study of the United States

Racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) have been observed and explained by socioeconomic status (education level, income level, etc.), screening, early diagnosis, treatment, prognostic factors, and adherence to treatment regimens. To the author\u27s knowledge, there are no studies addressing disparities in hypertension and diabetes mellitus utilizing Hispanics as the reference racial/ethnic group and adjusting for sociodemographics and prognostic factors. This present study examined racial/ethnic disparities in HTN and DM and assessed whether this disparity is explained by sociodemographics. To assess these associations, the study utilized a cross-sectional design and examined the distribution of the covariates for racial/ethnic group differences, using the Pearson Chi Square statistic. The study focused on Non-Hispanic Blacks since this ethnic group is associated with the worst health outcomes. Logistic regression was used to estimate the prevalence odds ratio (POR) and to adjust for the confounding effects of the covariates. Results indicated that except for insurance coverage, there were statistically significant differences between Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites, as well as Hispanics with respect to study covariates. In the unadjusted logistic regression model, there was a statistically significant increased prevalence of hypertension among Non-Hispanic Blacks compared to Hispanics, POR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02-1.80. Low income was statistically significantly associated with increased prevalence of hypertension, POR 0.38, 95% CI 0.32-0.46. Insurance coverage, though not statistically significant, was associated with an increase in the prevalence of hypertension, p\u3e0.05. Concerning DM, Non-Hispanic Blacks were more likely to be diabetic, POR 1.10, 95% CI 0.85-1.47. High income was statistically significantly associated with decreased prevalence of DM, POR 0.47, 95% CI 0.39-0.57. After adjustment for the relevant covariates, the racial disparities between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Blacks in HTN was removed, adjusted prevalence odds (APOR) 1.21, 95% CI 0.88-1.67. In this sample, there was racial/ethnic disparity in hypertension but not in diabetes mellitus between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Blacks, with disparities in hypertension associated with socioeconomic status (family income, education, marital status) and also by alcohol, physical activity and age. However, race, education and BMI as class variables were statistically significantly associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus p\u3c0.0001

La caractérisation épidemiologique et comportementale de la connaissance de l'usage du préservatif et du modelage chez le personnel militaire

How accurately condoms are being used vary across populations and knowledge of the factors determining its proper use remains unclear. Knowledge of such differentials and determinants would aid in evaluating the contributions of condom use to HIV epidemic reduction. Baseline data from the Situationally Focused Individual HIV/AIDS intervention to promote HIV protective behavior among 2,213 Nigerian Military Personnel were analyzed. Educational status as a predictor variable was assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression model. Compared to those with less than high school education, those with high school and some college education were two times more likely to demonstrate knowledge of condom use and modeling, prevalence odds ratio (POR), 2.32, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.60-3.37. After adjustment for the relevant covariates, higher education attainment was associated with nonsignificant 62% increase in knowledge and modeling, POR, 1.62, 95% CI=0.78-3.38. This study is indicative of low knowledge of condom use and modeling among the Nigerian military personnel; as well as a direct correlation between education attainment and knowledge of condom use and modeling.La caractérisation épidemiologique et comportementale de la connaissance de l'usage du préservatif et du modelage chez le personnel militaire. La façon efficace dont l' on utilise les préservatifs varie à travers les populations et la connaissance des facteurs qui déterminant son bon usage n'est pas claire. Une connaissance des tels différentiels et déterminants aiderait à évaluer des contributions du bon usage des préservatifs en vue de la réduction de l'épidémie du VIH. Les données initiales de base qui ont été obtenues à partir de l'intervention du VIH/SID par rapport à l'individu sur qui on a concentré de manière situationnelle afin de promouvoir le comportement protecteur du VIH chez 2,213 personnel militaire nigérian ont été analysées. A l'aide de la cote composite des six démarches pour la connaissance de l'usage du préservatif et le modelage comme le variable de conséquence, nous avons examiné le niveau d'éducation comme un variable de l' indice, le modelage avec un univariable non-conditionnel et la régressive logistique multivariable. Quand on compare ceux qui n'ont pas eu l'éducation secondaire à ceux qui l'ont eu, les derniers avaient deux fois plus la possibilité de démontrer la connaissancede l'usage du préservatif et du modelage; le rapport de prévalence, 2,2,95% l'interval de Confiance IC= 1,60 - 3,37. Pourtant, l'association qui a été significative statistiquement n'a pas persisté après l'ajustement pour les co-variables; la prévalence du rapport, 1,62,95%IC=0,78 - 3,38. Cette étude montre une faible connaissance de l'usage du préservatif et du modelage parmi le personnel militaire nigérian; elle montre aussi l'influence des autres caractérisques en ce qui concerne le rôle de l'acquis de l'éducation dans la connaissance de l'usage du préservatif et du modelage