Code-switching costs from Chinese-English relative clauses processing

IntroductionThe source of costs is a primary concern in code-switching, yet a consensus has not yet been reached. This study investigates whether code-switching during syntactic processing in Chinese-English dual languages results in a cost.MethodsWe use Chinese and English relative clauses in either object (Experiment 1) or subject (Experiment 2, which has a more complex structure) positions to test the costs in syntactic processing. Forty-seven Chinese-English bilinguals and 17 English-Chinese bilinguals participated in acceptability judgment tests and self-paced reading experiments.ResultsThe statistical findings indicate that syntactic processing is a source of the costs incurred in code-switching, as evidenced by the code-switching costs observed in the head movement during relative clause comprehension.DiscussionThe outcomes are consistent with the implications of the 4-Morpheme Model and the Matrix Language Framework. Additionally, the experiment shows that the processing of relative clauses depends on the underlying structures, which is consistent with the Dependency Locality Theory

Enzymatic Preparation of Quinoa Protein Peptides and Its Lipid-lowering and Uric Acid-Lowering Activity in Vitro

To study the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions and uric acid-lowering activity of lipid-lowering peptides from quinoa protein, this study used quinoa as raw material to extract protein, and used pancreatic lipase inhibition rate as the activity index. The enzymatic hydrolysis process of lipid-lowering peptides was optimized by single factor experiment and response surface analysis. The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, sodium taurocholate binding activity, cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and amino acid composition of quinoa protein peptides were analyzed and characterized. The results showed that the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of lipid-lowering peptides from quinoa were as follows: pH1.6, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 42.9 ℃, substrate concentration 3.03%, enzymatic hydrolysis time 1 h and enzyme to substrate ratio 0.2%. The theoretical value of inhibition rate of pancreatic lipase was 90.43%, and the actual value was 90.93%±0.10%. The optimal enzymatic hydrolysates showed excellent effect of lowering lipid in vitro. The IC50 of pancreatic lipase inhibition rate and cholesterol esterase inhibition rate were 7.49 μg/mL and 4.73 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the EC50 of taurocholic sodium binding rate was 0.53 mg/mL. In addition, the optimal enzymatic hydrolysates showed good xanthine oxidase inhibition effect (IC50=5.97 mg/mL), indicating that it had the uric acid-lowering effect in vitro. Amino acid analysis showed that quinoa protein peptides were rich in essential amino acids (34.23%), and the percentage of hydrophobic amino acid and acidic amino acid were 34.11% and 31.66%, respectively. The quinoa protein peptides had high lipid-lowering and uric acid-lowering activities in vitro, which provided a theoretical basis for the high-value application of quinoa protein peptides

Population genomics of an icefish reveals mechanisms of glacier-driven adaptive radiation in Antarctic notothenioids

Background Antarctica harbors the bulk of the species diversity of the dominant teleost fish suborder—Notothenioidei. However, the forces that shape their evolution are still under debate. Results We sequenced the genome of an icefish, Chionodraco hamatus, and used population genomics and demographic modelling of sequenced genomes of 52 C. hamatus individuals collected mainly from two East Antarctic regions to investigate the factors driving speciation. Results revealed four icefish populations with clear reproduction separation were established 15 to 50 kya (kilo years ago) during the last glacial maxima (LGM). Selection sweeps in genes involving immune responses, cardiovascular development, and photoperception occurred differentially among the populations and were correlated with population-specific microbial communities and acquisition of distinct morphological features in the icefish taxa. Population and species-specific antifreeze glycoprotein gene expansion and glacial cycle-paced duplication/degeneration of the zona pellucida protein gene families indicated fluctuating thermal environments and periodic influence of glacial cycles on notothenioid divergence. Conclusions We revealed a series of genomic evidence indicating differential adaptation of C. hamatus populations and notothenioid species divergence in the extreme and unique marine environment. We conclude that geographic separation and adaptation to heterogeneous pathogen, oxygen, and light conditions of local habitats, periodically shaped by the glacial cycles, were the key drivers propelling species diversity in Antarctica.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Patogeneza i virulencija infekcije bakterijom Mycoplasma gallisepticum – pregledni rad

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) belongs to the class Mollicutes, the smallest and simplest microorganisms which lack a cell wall and are capable of self-replication outside a host. Mg is the primary etiological agent of chronic respiratory diseases in poultry, and causes major economic losses. Recently, owing to advances in scientific knowledge, large data sets have become available for Mg, providing sequencing data, new typing strategies, diagnostic methods, and means for comprehensive studies. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the virulence, variable surface lipoproteins, invasion of host cells, adhesion, antigenic variation, biofilm formation, and modulation of the host immune system. Moreover, the broader picture includes the emergence of Mg successfully combating host immunity and adapting to the new host or niches, having evolved a number of strategies and mechanisms, contributing to the pathogenesis and dissemination of Mg infection.Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) pripada razredu Mollicutes, najmanjem i najjednostavnijem mikroorganizmu koji nema staničnu stijenku i sposoban je za samoreplikaciju izvan domaćina. M. gallisepticum primarni je etiološki uzročnik kroničnih respiratornih bolesti u peradi, koji uzrokuje goleme gospodarske gubitke. Zahvaljujući napretku u znanstvenim spoznajama, u posljednje su vrijeme postali dostupni veliki skupovi podataka o ovoj bakteriji, iz kojih se može doznati o sekvenciranju, novim strategijama tipizacije, dijagnostičkim postupcima i sredstvima koji mogu poslužiti u sveobuhvatnom istraživanju. Cilj je ovog preglednog rada bio rezimirati aktualne spoznaje o virulentnosti, varijabilnim površinskim lipoproteinima, invaziji stanica domaćina, adheziji, antigenskim varijacijama, formiranju biofilma i modulaciji imunosnog sustava domaćina. Obuhvaćena je i šira slika koja uključuje slučajeve da se M. gallisepticum uspješno bori protiv imunosti domaćina i prilagođuje novim domaćinima ili nišama čime je razvijen niz strategija i mehanizama koji pridonose patogenezi i širenju infekcije ovom bakterijom

A Novel Sequential Three-Way Decision Model for Medical Diagnosis

In the sequential three-way decision model (S3WD), conditional probability and decision threshold pair are two key elements affecting the classification results. The classical model calculates the conditional probability based on the strict equivalence relationship, which limits its application in reality. In addition, little research has studied the relationship between the threshold change and its cause at different granularity levels. To deal with these deficiencies, we propose a novel sequential three-way decision model and apply it to medical diagnosis. Firstly, we propose two methods of calculating conditional probability based on similarity relation, which satisfies the property of symmetry. Then, we construct an S3WD model for a medical information system and use three different kinds of cost functions as the basis for modifying the threshold pair at each level. Subsequently, the rule of the decision threshold pair change is explored. Furthermore, two algorithms used for implementing the proposed S3WD model are introduced. Finally, extensive experiments are carried out to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model, and the results show that the model can achieve better classification performance

A Novel Sequential Three-Way Decision Model for Medical Diagnosis

In the sequential three-way decision model (S3WD), conditional probability and decision threshold pair are two key elements affecting the classification results. The classical model calculates the conditional probability based on the strict equivalence relationship, which limits its application in reality. In addition, little research has studied the relationship between the threshold change and its cause at different granularity levels. To deal with these deficiencies, we propose a novel sequential three-way decision model and apply it to medical diagnosis. Firstly, we propose two methods of calculating conditional probability based on similarity relation, which satisfies the property of symmetry. Then, we construct an S3WD model for a medical information system and use three different kinds of cost functions as the basis for modifying the threshold pair at each level. Subsequently, the rule of the decision threshold pair change is explored. Furthermore, two algorithms used for implementing the proposed S3WD model are introduced. Finally, extensive experiments are carried out to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model, and the results show that the model can achieve better classification performance

Optimal Control of Background-Based Uncertain Systems with Applications in DC Pension Plan

In this paper, we propose a new optimal control model for uncertain systems with jump. In the model, the background-state variables are incorporated, where the background-state variables are governed by an uncertain differential equation. Meanwhile, the state variables are governed by another uncertain differential equation with jump, in which both the background-state variables and the control variables are involved. Under the optimistic value criterion, using uncertain dynamic programming method, we establish the principle and the equation of optimality. As an application, the optimal investment strategy and optimal payment rate for DC pension plans are given, where the corresponding background-state variables represent the salary process. This application in DC pension plans illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed model