Reliability Evaluation of Smart Substation Based on Time-Varying Probabilistic Hybrid Attack Graph

A substation is the portion of a power grid that forms a link between the cyber system and the physical system. Reliability evaluation of smart substations based on a time-varying probabilistic hybrid attack graph (TVPHAG) is studied in this paper. First, the topology network of the smart substation is established, whose attributes are represented by probability. Then, in order to solve the problem of asynchrony in the cyber-physical system and the hybrid caused by heterogeneity, time-varying state equation in topology and cuts in algebra are introduced to TVPHAG. Based on TVPHAG, the evaluation of the reliability of cyber-physical systems with multiple equipment and multiple timescales is established. On this basis, the influences of physical conditions, cyberattacks, physical attacks, and cyber-physical attacks on substations are analyzed, respectively. Finally, the simulation shows that the method is effective in evaluating the reliability of smart substations, providing a new method for the evaluation of reliability

Phylogeny of <i>Trachelomonas</i> and <i>Strombomonas</i> (Euglenaceae) Based on Morphological and Molecular Data

The classification of Trachelomonas and Strombomonas is based on the morphology of loricae, which may not reflect phylogenetic relationships. There are different views on the relationship between the two genera. It is thus important for researchers to classify the two genera based on more characteristics besides loricae, such as protoplast and molecular data, and to establish a natural classification system. In this study, 29 strains (13 species) of Trachelomonas and 12 strains (eight species) of Strombomonas were collected from various locations in China. The morphological characteristics of Trachelomonas and Strombomonas were observed in the field and culture conditions, and the sequences of nuclear SSU rDNA, nuclear LSU rDNA, plastid-encoded LSU rDNA and plastid-encoded LSU rDNA of strains were obtained. We constructed a phylogenetic tree by combining four gene sequences with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Based on the development of the loricae, it was found that the shape of the loricae and the presence or absence of the collar were relatively stable in culture, while the length of the collar presence or absence of spines and the color of the loricae changed. The phylogenetic tree showed that Trachelomonas and Strombomonas were sister branches, which supported Trachelomonas and Strombomonas as independent genera. Taxa in the genus Strombomonas sorted into two clades and Trachelomonas sorted into five strongly supported clades. Key morphological features could be attributed to each of the clades

Evolutionary Game and Simulation Analysis of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Industry With Cross-Border Collaborative Innovation

The Made in China 2025 national strategy has prioritized intelligent connected vehicles (ICV) to realize the intelligence and connection transformation and upgrading of the automotive industry, ushering in unprecedented development opportunities. There are two technology paths in the ICV industry: single-vehicle intelligence and vehicle-infrastructure collaboration. Both face problem of low technological innovation efficiency, and key to solving it is breaking down barriers between enterprises and realizing cross-border collaborative innovation. This study offers a new cross-border collaborative innovation development paradigm for the ICV industry, centered on automotive enterprises and technology platform providers. This study examines the impact of changes in key parameters on the evolutionary results using the system dynamics method to analyze the efficiency of cross-border collaborative innovation in the ICV industry. The simulation results showed that cross-border collaborative innovation is inevitable for the ICV industry. Furthermore, compared to the single-vehicle intelligence scenario, the vehicle-infrastructure collaboration scenario shows faster convergence between automotive enterprises and technology platform providers. Finally, the choice of system collaborative innovation strategy is influenced by default cost and the collaborative innovation risk coefficient, whereas the cost-sharing coefficient and network connection fee only have an impact on the cross-border collaborative innovation system&#x2019;s rate of evolution in the ICV industry

Generation of a new congenic mouse strain with enhanced chymase expression in mast cells.

Mast cells are effector cells best known for their roles in IgE-associated allergy, but they also play a protective role in defense against pathogens. These cells express high levels of proteases including chymase, tryptase and carboxypeptidase. In the present study, we identified a congenic strain of C57BL/6 mice expressing an extraordinarily high level of chymases Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 in mast cells. The overexpression was associated with variant Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 genes originated from DBA/2 mice that also expressed high levels of the two enzymes. Real time PCR analysis revealed that Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 were selectively overexpressed as tryptases, Cpa3 and several other chymases were kept at normal levels. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of Mcp-2 gene may be partly responsible for the increased gene transcription. Our study provides a new model system to study the function of mast cell chymases. The data also suggest that expression of chymases differs considerably in different strains of mice and the increased chymase activity may be responsible for some unique phenotypes observed in DBA/2 mice

Research progress on adaptive modifications of the gut microflora and regulation of host glucose and lipid metabolism by cold stimulation

The gut microflora is a combination of all microbes in intestine and their microenvironment, and its change can sensitively reflect the relevant response of the body to external environment and remarkably affect body's metabolism as well. Recent studies have found that cold exposure affects the body's gut microflora, which can lead to changes in the body's metabolism of glucose and lipid. This review summarizes recent research on the effects of cold exposure on gut microbes and metabolism of glucose and lipid, aiming to provide some new ideas on the approaches and measures for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity

Clinical models to predict lymph nodes metastasis and distant metastasis in newly diagnosed early esophageal cancer patients: A population‐based study

Abstract Background Patients with early esophageal cancer (EC) receive individualized therapy based on their lymph node metastasis (LNM) and distant metastasis (DM) status; however, deficiencies in current clinical staging techniques and the issue of cost‐effectiveness mean LNM and DM often go undetected preoperatively. We aimed to develop three clinical models to predict the likelihood of LNM, DM, and prognosis in patients with early EC. Method The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for T1 EC patients from 2004 to 2015. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to recognize the risk factors of LNM and DM, predict overall survival (OS), and develop relevant nomograms. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)/concordance index and calibration curves were used to evaluate the discrimination and accuracy of the three nomograms. Decision curve analyses (DCAs), clinical impact curves, and subgroups based on model scores were used to determine clinical practicability. Results The area under the curve of the LNM and DM nomograms were 0.668 and 0.807, respectively. The corresponding C‐index of OS nomogram was 0.752. Calibration curves and DCA showed an effective predictive accuracy and clinical applicability. In patients with T1N0M0 EC, surgery alone (p < 0.01) proved a survival advantage. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy indicated a better prognosis in the subgroup analysis for T1 EC patients with LNM or DM. Conclusions We created three nomograms to predict the likelihood of LNM, DM, and OS probability in patients with early EC using a generalizable dataset. These useful visual tools could help clinical physicians deliver appropriate perioperative care

Time-resolved imaging of microscale dynamics in laser drying of silicon wafers

Surface drying plays a critical role in wafer fabrication in microelectronics, primarily on eliminating watermarks. Spin drying, isopropanol alcohol (IPA) drying, and Marangoni drying are the most commonly used methods, but they have drawbacks such as high risk of water stains, safety hazards, environmental concerns, and energy inefficiency. Hence, there is a continuous demand for fast, efficient, chemical-free, and energy-efficient wafer drying processes. This study explored the use of nanosecond (ns) laser pulses for laser-induced sub-surface evaporation as a promising alternative for surface drying. By adjusting the laser fluence, clean and dry silicon (Si) substrates can be obtained without any stain or damage. Large-area laser drying was also demonstrated. Time-resolved imaging was employed to investigate the drying dynamics after the interaction between the laser pulses and the substrates. It was observed that the deposited water droplet films expand, detach from the substrates, and eject into the air after excimer laser pulses. Moreover, the study examined the influence of substrate conditions on laser drying, including surface roughness and hydrophilicity. The effectiveness of laser drying was evaluated on various substrates, including stainless steels (polished/mirror polished) and glasses. Pulsed lasers demonstrate the ability to dry chemical solutions, such as 35 g/L NaCl, in addition to pure water. These findings show the potential of using ns pulsed lasers as a versatile and environmentally friendly drying tool for various solution and substrate types

Association of Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 overexpressions in BMMCs with gene variants.

<p><b>A.</b> Mice were genotyped for the Mcp-2 gene variant by allele-specific PCR and the Mcp-4 gene variant by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with NdeI. BMMCs derived from these mice were analyzed for Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 protein expressions by Commassie blue staining and western blotting. <b>B.</b> BMMCs from B6 and B6-cma mice were analyzed for chymase activity. In at least 45 mice analyzed, there is a perfect correlation of Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 gene variants with overexpression of Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 and increased chymase activity.</p

Expression of mast cell proteases in mast cells derived from B6, B6-cma, and DBA/2 mice.

<p>Expression of indicated mast cell proteases together with house-keeping gene GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was analyzed by real time PCR using specific PCR primers shown in the top panel. Data represent relative gene expression levels calculated based on threshold cycles and standard curves obtained with serial dilutions of purified PCR products. Error bars denote standard deviation (n≥3). *p<0.0001 in comparison with B6 control mice.</p