32 research outputs found
Probing the Role of Two Critical Residues in Inulin Fructotransferase (DFA III-Producing) Thermostability from Arthrobacter sp. 161MFSha2.1
Inulin fructotransferase
(IFTase) is an important enzyme that produces
di-d-fructofuranose 1,2′:2,3′ dianhydride (DAF
III), which is beneficial for human health. Present investigations
mainly focus on screening and characterizing IFTase, including catalytic
efficiency and thermostability, which are two important factors for
enzymatic industrial applications. However, few reports aimed to improve
these two characteristics based on the structure of IFTase. In this
work, a structural model of IFTase (DFA III-producing) from Arthrobacter sp. 161MFSha2.1 was constructed through
homology modeling. Analysis of this model reveals that two residues,
Ser-309 and Ser-333, may play key roles in the structural stability.
Therefore, the functions of the two residues were probed by site-directed
mutagenesis combined with the Nano-DSC method and assays for residual
activity. In contrast to other mutations, single mutation of serine
309 (or serine 333) to threonine did not decrease the enzymatic stability,
whereas double mutation (serine 309 and serine 333 to threonine) can
enhance thermostability (by approximately 5 °C). The probable
mechanisms for this enhancement were investigated
Identification of a Recombinant Inulin Fructotransferase (Difructose Dianhydride III Forming) from Arthrobacter sp. 161MFSha2.1 with High Specific Activity and Remarkable Thermostability
Difructose
dianhydride III (DFA III) is a functional carbohydrate produced from
inulin by inulin fructotransferase (IFTase, EC 4.2.2.18). In this
work, an IFTase gene from Arthrobacter sp. 161MFSha2.1 was cloned and expressed in Escherachia
coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified by metal
affinity chromatography. It showed significant inulin hydrolysis activity,
and the produced main product from inulin was determined as DFA III
by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The molecular mass of the
purified protein was calculated to be 43 and 125 kDa by sodium dodecyl
sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration,
respectively, suggesting the native enzyme might be a homotrimer.
The recombinant enzyme showed maximal activity as 2391 units/mg at
pH 6.5 and 55 °C. It displayed the highest thermostability among
previously reported IFTases (DFA III forming) and was stable up to
80 °C for 4 h of incubation. The smallest substrate was determined
as nystose. The conversion ratio of inulin to DFA III reached 81%
when 100 g/L inulin was catalyzed by 80 nM recombinant enzyme for
20 min at pH 6.5 and 55 °C. All of these data indicated that
the IFTase (DFA III forming) from Arthrobacter sp. 161MFSha2.1 had great potential for industrial DFA III production
Mutations in the Different Residues between Dextransucrase Gtf-DSM and Reuteransucrase GtfO for the Investigation of Linkage Specificity Determinants
The dextransucrase Gtf-DSM has 99.3% sequence identity
with the
reuteransucrase GtfO, and only 11 out of 1045 residues are different
between their N-terminally truncated recombinant forms. Gtf-DSM is
capable of synthesizing a dextran with 1% (α1 → 2), 6%
(α1 → 4), 24% (α1 → 3), and 69% (α1
→ 6) linkages, while GtfO produces a reuteran with 21% (α1
→ 6) and 79% (α1 → 4) linkages. In this work,
using recombinant Gtf-DSM and GtfO as templates, parallel substitutions
targeting these 11 distinguishing residues were performed to investigate
their linkage specificity determinants. The combinatorial mutation
(I937L/D977A/D1083V/Q1086K/K1087G) at the acceptor binding subsites
+1 and +2 nearly converted the linkage specificity of Gtf-DSM to that
of GtfO. Surprisingly, all of the individual or combinatorial mutations
in four residues from domains IV and V of Gtf-DSM significantly altered
the linkage specificity of Gtf-DSM. Additionally, all mutations in
the 11 distinguishing residues of Gtf-DSM resulted in a dramatically
reduced transferase/hydrolysis activity ratio, which was closer to
that of GtfO. These mutation results suggested that the linkage specificity
differences between Gtf-DSM and GtfO are determined by the distinct
micro-physicochemical environments, formed by the concerted action
of a series of residues not only from the acceptor binding subsites
+1 and +2 but also from domains IV and V
High-Level Production of l‑Fucose by Plasmid-Free or Antibiotic-Independent Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli Strains
l-Fucose is an important
monosaccharide unit
that exists
in various biomasses, especially in microalgae. Microbial l-fucose using metabolically engineered strains has attracted attention
due to its high yield and industrial feasibility. Previously, we engineered Escherichia coli MG1655 to efficiently produce 2′-fucosyllactose
by genomic integration. Herein, this plasmid-free strain was further
engineered to produce l-fucose by integrating a specific
α-l-fucosidase gene and deleting the l-fucose degradation pathway. Its effectiveness of l-fucose biosynthesis by plasmid-free and inducer-free fermentation
was demonstrated by both shake-flask and fed-batch cultivation with
titers of 2.74 and 21.15 g/L, respectively. The precursor GDP-l-fucose supply was strengthened to obviously enhance l-fucose biosynthesis by introducing a single plasmid expressing four
pathway genes. The hok/sok system
was introduced to promote the plasmid stabilization without antibiotic.
The final engineered strain efficiently could produce l-fucose
without antibiotics, with titers of 6.83 and 35.68 g/L by shake-flask
and fed-cultivation cultivation, respectively
Thermal (A) and urea-induced (B) unfolding of <i>C.</i><i>scindens</i> DPEase.
<p>The symbols ▪ and • represented the unfolding curves of <i>C. scindens</i> DPEase in the absence and presence of Mn<sup>2+</sup>, which were monitored by CD. The CD measurements and unfolding analysis procedures were shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062987#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>.</p
Improving the Catalytic Behavior of DFA I‑Forming Inulin Fructotransferase from Streptomyces davawensis with Site-Directed Mutagenesis
Previously,
a α-d-fructofuranose-β-d-fructofuranose
1,2′:2,1′-dianhydride (DFA I)-forming
inulin fructotransferase (IFTase), namely, <i>Sd</i>IFTase,
was identified. The enzyme does not show high performances. In this
work, to improve catalytic behavior including activity and thermostability,
the enzyme was modified using site-directed mutagenesis on the basis
of structure. The mutated residues were divided into three groups.
Those in group I are located at central tunnel including G236, A257,
G281, T313, and A314S. The group II contains residues at the inner
edge of substrate binding pocket including I80, while group III at
the outer edge includes G121 and T122. The thermostability was reflected
by the melting temperature (<i>T</i><sub>m</sub>) determined
by Nano DSC. Finally, the <i>T</i><sub>m</sub> values of
G236S/G281S/A257S/T313S/A314S in group I and G121A/T122L in group
III were enhanced by 3.2 and 4.5 °C, and the relative activities
were enhanced to 140.5% and 148.7%, respectively. The method in this
work may be applicable to other DFA I-forming IFTases
Enhancement of the d‑Allulose 3‑Epimerase Expression in Bacillus subtilis through Both Transcriptional and Translational Regulations
d-Allulose, a functional bulk sweetener, has
recently
attracted increasing attention because of its low-caloric-ness properties
and diverse health effects. d-Allulose is industrially produced
by the enzymatic epimerization of d-fructose, which is catalyzed
by ketose 3-epimerase (KEase). In this study, the food-grade expression
of KEase was studied using Bacillus subtills as the host. Clostridium sp. d-allulose 3-epimerase (Clsp-DAEase)
was screened from nine d-allulose-producing KEases, showing
better potential for expression in B. subtills WB600. Promoter-based transcriptional regulation and N-terminal
coding sequence (NCS)-based translational regulation were studied
to enhance the DAEase expression level. In addition, the synergistic
effect of promoter and NCS on the Clsp-DAEase expression was studied.
Finally, the strain with the combination of a PHapII promoter and gln A-Up NCS was selected
as the best Clsp-DAEase-producing strain. It efficiently produced
Clsp-DAEase with a total activity of 333.2 and 1860.6 U/mL by shake-flask
and fed-batch cultivations, respectively
Efficient Synthesis of Glucosyl-β-Cyclodextrin from Maltodextrins by Combined Action of Cyclodextrin Glucosyltransferase and Amyloglucosidase
Instead
of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), branched β-CDs
have been increasingly used in many aspects as they possess better
solubility and higher bioadaptability. But most commercialized branched
β-CDs were chemically synthesized. Thus, the glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin
(G<sub>1</sub>-β-CD) prepared via enzymatic approach could be
a nice substitute. However, the yield of G<sub>1</sub>-β-CD
was low. Here, we reported a controlled two-step reaction to efficiently
prepare G<sub>1</sub>-β-CD from maltodextrins by β-cyclodextrin
glucosyltransferase (β-CGTase) and amyloglucosidase (AG). Compared
to the single β-CGTase reaction, controlled two-step reaction
caused a yield increase of G<sub>1</sub>-β-CD by 130%. Additionally,
the percentage of G<sub>1</sub>-β-CD was enhanced from 2.4%
to 24.0% and the side products α-CD and γ-CD were hydrolyzed
because of the coupling activity of β-CGTase. Thus, this controlled
two-step reaction might be an efficient approach for industrial production
of pure G<sub>1</sub>-β-CD
Multiple sequence alignment of DTEase family enzymes and their homologs.
<p>Amino acid sequence for DPEase from <i>C. scindens</i> 35704 (Csc-DPEase; GeneBank accession No: CLOSCI_02528) was aligned with <i>C. cellulolyticum</i> H10 (Cce-DPEase; ACL75304), <i>Ruminococcus</i> sp. 5_1_39BFAA (Rsp-DPEase; ZP_04858451), <i>P. cichorii</i> DTEase (Pci-DTEase; BAA24429), <i>A. tumefaciens</i> DPEase (Atu-DPEase; AAL45544), and <i>R. sphaeroides</i> DTEase (Rsp-DTEase; ACO59490). The alignment was performed using ClustalW2 program (<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html</a>). Amino acid residues that are identical in all the displayed sequences are marked by asterisks (*), strongly conserved or weakly conserved residues are indicated by colons (:) or dots (.), respectively. The symbol ▪, •, and ▴ represented the residues involved in the metal coordinating site, those responsible for the interaction between the enzyme and O1, O2, and O3 of D-fructose, and those providing a hydrophobic environment around the substrate around the O4, O5, and O6 of D-fructose, respectively (according to the crystal structures of <i>C. cellulolyticum</i> DPEase, <i>A. tumefaciens</i> DPEase, and <i>P. cichorii</i> DTEase).</p
SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins stained with Coomassie blue.
<p>A represented the SDS-PAGE of whole-cell protein. Lane 1, protein marker; lane 2, the cell without IPTG induction; and lane 3–8, the cell induced by IPTG for 1–6 h. B showed the SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified recombinant <i>C. scindens</i> DPEase (lane 2).</p