Multivariate tobit regression analysis examining determinants of health utility of 222 Thai patients measured using EuroQol 5D instrument, August to October 2009.

<p>TB, tuberculosis; MDR-TB, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis; TB_TX, TB patients receiving TB treatment; MDR_TX, MDR-TB patients receiving MDR-TB treatment; _anyTB_C, patients who had been successfully treated for TB or MDR-TB for ≥6 months; _anyHIV, HIV-infected patients at any stage; TB_TX/HIV, HIV-infected TB patients receiving TB treatment; _anyTB_C/HIV, HIV-infected patients who had been successfully treated for TB or MDR-TB for ≥6 months; ref, referent group.</p><p>*32 Thai Baht = 1 US$.</p

Response of 222 Thai patients with various medical conditions to EuroQol 5D instrument, August to October 2009.

<p>TB_TX, TB patients receiving TB treatment; MDR_TX, MDR-TB patients receiving MDR-TB treatment; _anyTB_C, patients who had been successfully treated for TB or MDR-TB for ≥6 months; _anyHIV, HIV-infected patients at any stage; TB_TX/HIV, HIV-infected TB patients receiving TB treatment; _anyTB_C/HIV, HIV-infected patients who had been successfully treated for TB or MDR-TB for ≥6 months.</p

Bland-Altman plot showing the differences between health utilities measured using EuroQol 5D and EuroQol visual analogue scale instruments in relation to the mean of the two measurements in the 222 Thai patients, August to October 2009.

<p>Bland-Altman plot showing the differences between health utilities measured using EuroQol 5D and EuroQol visual analogue scale instruments in relation to the mean of the two measurements in the 222 Thai patients, August to October 2009.</p

Schematic diagram showing estimated difference in health utilities of 222 Thai patients with various medical conditions adjusting for age and monthly household income and measured using EuroQol 5D instrument, August to October 2009.

<p>Schematic diagram showing estimated difference in health utilities of 222 Thai patients with various medical conditions adjusting for age and monthly household income and measured using EuroQol 5D instrument, August to October 2009.</p

Health utilities of 222 Thai patients with various medical conditions measured using EuroQol 5D and EuroQol visual analogue score instruments, August to October 2009.

<p>TB, tuberculosis; MDR-TB, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis; EQ-5D, EuroQol 5D instrument; EQ-VAS, EuroQol visual analogue scale instrument; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.</p

Patient characteristics stratified by TB stigma, TB knowledge, and HIV knowledge.

<p>TB, tuberculosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; CD4, CD4+ T-lymphocyte.</p>a<p>Those with available results only.</p>b<p>Patients who had extra-pulmonary TB other than peripheral lymphatic TB or had all of the following characteristics: self-reported weight loss >10% of body weight, coughing up blood, difficulty breathing in past 4 weeks before TB diagnosis, and cavitary TB or >1/3 involvement of either lung at the initial evaluation.</p>c<p>Patients who reported having a cough lasting greater than one month before TB diagnosis or had other symptoms that lasted longer than 14 days and self-assessed these symptoms as being severe.</p>d<p>High TB stigma defined as TB stigma score ≥1; low TB knowledge defined as TB knowledge score<5; and low HIV knowledge defined as HIV knowledge score<5.</p

Bivariable and multiple logistic regression analyses of predictors for having low TB knowledge^a among HIV-infected TB patients.

<p>TB, tuberculosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CD4, CD4+ T-lymphocyte; variables for which p≤0.20 in bivariable analyses and potential confounders were included in multiple logistic regression analysis.</p>a<p>TB knowledge score<5; TB knowledge score is a summary score of the number of TB knowledge questions (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006360#pone-0006360-t002" target="_blank">table 2</a> - each question is worth 1 point) that a patient correctly answered.</p>b<p>Compared with being treated in Bangkok.</p>c<p>Patients who had extra-pulmonary TB other than peripheral lymphatic TB or had all of the following characteristics: self-reported weight loss >10% of body weight, coughing up blood, difficulty breathing in past 4 weeks before TB diagnosis, and cavitary TB or >1/3 involvement of either lung at the initial evaluation.</p

Comparison of incidence and cost of influenza between healthy and high-risk children <60 months old in Thailand, 2011-2015

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Thailand recommends influenza vaccination for children aged 6 months to <36 months, but investment in vaccine purchase is limited. To inform policy decision with respect to influenza disease burden and associated cost in young children and to support the continued inclusion of children as the recommended group for influenza vaccination, we conducted a prospective cohort study of children in Bangkok hospital to estimate and compare influenza incidence and cost between healthy and high-risk children.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Caregivers of healthy children and children with medical conditions (‘high-risk’) aged <36 months were called weekly for two years to identify acute respiratory illness (ARI) episodes and collect illness-associated costs. Children with ARI were tested for influenza viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Illnesses were categorized as mild or severe depending on whether children were hospitalized. Population-averaged Poisson models were used to compare influenza incidence by risk group. Quantile regression was used to examine differences in the median illness expenses.</p><p>Results</p><p>During August 2011-September 2015, 659 healthy and 490 high-risk children were enrolled; median age was 10 months. Incidence of mild influenza-associated ARI was higher among healthy than high-risk children (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–2.48). Incidence of severe influenza-associated ARI did not differ (IRR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.11–1.38). The median cost per mild influenza-associated ARI episode was $22 among healthy and$25 among high-risk children (3–4% of monthly household income; difference in medians: -$1; 95$9 to $6). The median cost per severe influenza-associated ARI episode was$232 among healthy and $318 among high-risk children (26–40$352 to $571).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Compared to high-risk children, healthy children had higher incidence of mild influenza-associated ARI but not severe influenza-associated ARI. Costs of severe influenza-associated ARI were substantial. These findings support the benefit of annual influenza vaccination in reducing the burden of influenza and associated cost in young children.</p></div

Bivariable and multiple logistic regression analyses of predictors for having low HIV knowledge^a among HIV-infected TB patients.

<p>TB, tuberculosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; variables for which p≤0.20 in bivariable analyses and potential confounders were included in multiple logistic regression analysis.</p>a<p>HIV knowledge score<5; HIV knowledge score is a summary score of the number of HIV knowledge questions (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006360#pone-0006360-t002" target="_blank">table 2</a> - each question is worth 1 point) that a patient correctly answered.</p>b<p>Compared with being treated in Bangkok.</p>c<p>Patients who had extra-pulmonary TB other than peripheral lymphatic TB or had all of the following characteristics: self-reported weight loss >10% of body weight, coughing up blood, difficulty breathing in past 4 weeks before TB diagnosis, and cavitary TB or >1/3 involvement of either lung at the initial evaluation.</p

Bivariable and multiple logistic regression analyses of predictors for having high TB stigma^a among HIV-infected TB patients.

<p>TB, tuberculosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; variables for which p≤0.20 in bivariable analyses and potential confounders were included in multiple logistic regression analysis.</p>a<p>TB stigma score ≥1; TB stigma score is a summary score of the number of TB stigma questions (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006360#pone-0006360-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>; each question was worth 1 point) that a patient answered consistent with stigma.</p>b<p>Compared with being treated in Bangkok.</p>c<p>Patients who had extra-pulmonary TB other than peripheral lymphatic TB or had all of the following characteristics: self-reported weight loss >10% of body weight, coughing up blood, difficulty breathing in past 4 weeks before TB diagnosis, and cavitary TB or >1/3 involvement of either lung at the initial evaluation.</p