Recovering non-local dependencies for Chinese

To date, work on Non-Local Dependencies (NLDs) has focused almost exclusively on English and it is an open research question how well these approaches migrate to other languages. This paper surveys non-local dependency constructions in Chinese as represented in the Penn Chinese Treebank (CTB) and provides an approach for generating proper predicate-argument-modifier structures including NLDs from surface contextfree phrase structure trees. Our approach recovers non-local dependencies at the level of Lexical-Functional Grammar f-structures, using automatically acquired subcategorisation frames and f-structure paths linking antecedents and traces in NLDs. Currently our algorithm achieves 92.2% f-score for trace insertion and 84.3% for antecedent recovery evaluating on gold-standard CTB trees, and 64.7% and 54.7%, respectively, on CTBtrained state-of-the-art parser output trees

Treebank-based acquisition of LFG resources for Chinese

This paper presents a method to automatically acquire wide-coverage, robust, probabilistic Lexical-Functional Grammar resources for Chinese from the Penn Chinese Treebank (CTB). Our starting point is the earlier, proofof- concept work of (Burke et al., 2004) on automatic f-structure annotation, LFG grammar acquisition and parsing for Chinese using the CTB version 2 (CTB2). We substantially extend and improve on this earlier research as regards coverage, robustness, quality and fine-grainedness of the resulting LFG resources. We achieve this through (i) improved LFG analyses for a number of core Chinese phenomena; (ii) a new automatic f-structure annotation architecture which involves an intermediate dependency representation; (iii) scaling the approach from 4.1K trees in CTB2 to 18.8K trees in CTB version 5.1 (CTB5.1) and (iv) developing a novel treebank-based approach to recovering non-local dependencies (NLDs) for Chinese parser output. Against a new 200-sentence good standard of manually constructed f-structures, the method achieves 96.00% f-score for f-structures automatically generated for the original CTB trees and 80.01%for NLD-recovered f-structures generated for the trees output by Bikel’s parser

The Simplified Formulas for Predicting Seismic Liquefaction of Saturated Clayey Silt Site

In the reconstruction of old factories and in the small scale engineering, it is often taken place that the present methods for predicting liquefaction of clayey silt could be not used for lack of subsoil exploration data. Two simplified formulas which contain the coefficient of αPc considering the effect of clay content Pc and the coefficient of αIp considering the effect of plasticity index Ip are presented for predicting seismic liquefaction of saturated clayey silt. Thus, the prediction of liquefaction of clayey silt could be effectively proceeded under the conditions lacking of analysing data of soil grain composition

Bicultural identity and emergent/developmental reading strategies in English as a foreign language in Taiwan

This project demonstrates teaching strategies designed to illustrate bicultural identity development and reading skills in an English as a Foreign Language program for the elementary school level.

Soil Model of Effective Stress for Seismic Loadings

The Generalized Masing Curve, recently proposed, has been improved in this paper to involve the effect of pore pressure on shear modulus and damping ratio. Fraction cycle method for pore pressure generation can be adopted to avoid the iterative computation, which is necessary in equivalent cycle method

An analysis of question processing of English and Chinese for the NTCIR 5 cross-language question answering task

An important element in question answering systems is the analysis and interpretation of questions. Using the NTCIR 5 Cross-Language Question Answering (CLQA) question test set we demonstrate that the accuracy of deep question analysis is dependent on the quantity and suitability of the available linguistic resources. We further demonstrate that applying question analysis tools developed on monolingual training materials to questions translated Chinese-English and English-Chinese using machine translation produces much reduced effectiveness in interpretation of the question. This latter result indicates that question analysis for CLQA should primarily be conducted in the question language prior to translation

Effects of composite scale on high temperature oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni heat resistant alloy

Fe-Cr-Ni heat resistant alloys with aluminum and silicon addition, alone and in combination, were melted using an intermediate frequency induction furnace with a non-oxidation method. By the oxidation weight gain method, the oxidation resistances of the test alloys were determined at 1,200 ìC for 500 hours. According to the oxidation weight gains, the oxidation kinetic curves were plotted and the functions were regressed by the least squares method. The results show that the oxidation kinetic curves follow the power function of y = axb (a>0, 0<b<1). The effects of scale compositions on oxidation resistance were studied further by analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is found that the composite scale compounds of Cr2O3, メ-Al2O3, SiO2 and FeCr2O4, with compact structure and tiny grains, shows complete oxidation resistance at 1,200 ìC. When the composite scale lacks メ-Al2O3 or SiO2, it becomes weak in oxidation resistance with a loose structure. By the criterion of standard Gibbs formation free energy, the model of the nucleation and growth of the composite scale is established. The forming of the composite scale is the result of the competition of being oxidized and reduced between aluminum, silicon and the matrix metal elements of iron, chromium and nickel. The protection of the composite scale is analyzed essentially by electrical conductivity and strength properties