Complex unit lattice cell for low-emittance storage ring light source

To achieve the true diffraction-limited emittance of a storage ring light source, such as ~10 pm.rad for medium-energy electron beams, within a limited circumference, it is generally necessary to increase the number of bending magnets in a multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice, as in the future upgrade plan of MAX IV with a 19BA replacing the current 7BA. However, this comes with extremely strong quadrupole and sextupole magnets and very limited space. The former can result in very small vacuum chambers, increasing the coupling impedance and thus enhancing the beam instabilities, and the latter can pose significant challenges in accommodating the necessary diagnostics and vacuum components. Inspired by the hybrid MBA lattice concept, in this paper we propose a new unit lattice concept called the complex unit lattice cell, which can reduce the magnet strengths and also save space. The complex unit cell is numerically studied using a simplified model. Then as an example, a 17BA lattice based on the complex unit cell concept is designed for a 3 GeV storage ring light source with a circumference of 537.6 m, which has a natural emittance of 19.3 pm.rad. This 17BA lattice is also compared with the 17BA lattice designed with conventional unit cells to showcase the benefits of the complex unit cell concept. This 17BA lattice also suggests a new type of MBA lattice, which we call the MBA lattice with semi-distributed chromatic correction

Minimizing the fluctuation of resonance driving terms in dynamic aperture optimization

Dynamic aperture (DA) is an important nonlinear property of a storage ring lattice, which has a dominant effect on beam injection efficiency and beam lifetime. Generally, minimizing both resonance driving terms (RDTs) and amplitude dependent tune shifts is an essential condition for enlarging the DA. In this paper, we study the correlation between the fluctuation of RDTs along the ring and the DA area with double- and multi-bend achromat lattices. It is found that minimizing the RDT fluctuations is more effective than minimizing RDTs themselves in enlarging the DA, and thus can serve as a very powerful indicator in the DA optimization. Besides, it is found that minimizing lower-order RDT fluctuations can also reduce higher-order RDTs, which are not only more computationally complicated but also more numerous. The effectiveness of controlling the RDT fluctuations in enlarging the DA confirms that the local cancellation of nonlinear effects used in some diffraction-limited storage ring lattices is more effective than the global cancellation

EMITTANCE OPTIMIZATION USING PARTICLE SWARM ALGORITHM*

Abstract In this paper we use a swarm intelligence algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), to optimize the emittance directly. Some constraint conditions such as beta functions, fractional tunes and dispersion function, are considered in the emittance optimization. We optimize the strengths of quadrupoles to search for low emittances. Here an FBA lattice studied in the design of the Hefei Advanced Light Source storage ring is used as the test lattice. The PSO is shown to be beneficial in the optimization

Design of Compact Dual-Polarized Antennas for MIMO Handsets

A design method of compact dual-polarized antennas has been proposed for multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) handset application. For the sake of high isolation in dual polarizations, a printed monopole and a hybrid slot antenna are combined using a coplanar waveguide (CPW) and microstrip hybrid feeding structure. The proposed topology will result in orthogonal current distribution modes for the different polarizations, which effectively reduces the mutual coupling of the two modes. The operation mechanism of the feeding structure is analyzed in principle and verified by simulation. Simulated and measured results show this compact dual-polarized antenna achieves isolation between the two ports of better than 25 dB, and the relative bandwidth is wider than 23.5%