4,000 research outputs found
Internal Mammary Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
The conception of internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy (IMâSLNB) has been added to the 2009 American Joint Committee on Cancer breast cancer staging manual. However, there has still been slight variation in the surgical treatment model owing to the low visualization rate of internal mammary sentinel lymph nodes (IMâSLN) with the traditional radiotracer injection technique. According to the hypothesis of IMâSLN, a modified injection technique (periareolar intraparenchymal, high volume, and ultrasound guidance) was established, which could significantly improve the IMâSLN visualization rate, and make the IMâSLNB procedure possible in routine practice. IMâSLNB could provide minimally invasive staging, prognosis, and decisionâmaking individually, especially for the patients with clinically positive axilla lymph nodes. Moreover, radiotherapy targeting on internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLN) should be tailored and balanced between the potential benefit and toxicity, and radiotherapy guided by IMâSLNB could achieve this goal. In the era of emphasizing the effective adjuvant therapy, within the changing therapy approachâmore systemic treatment, less locoâregional treatmentâoncologist should reconsider the application of regional IMLN therapy
Distorted optimal transport
Classic optimal transport theory is built on minimizing the expected cost
between two given distributions. We propose the framework of distorted optimal
transport by minimizing a distorted expected cost. This new formulation is
motivated by concrete problems in decision theory, robust optimization, and
risk management, and it has many distinct features compared to the classic
theory. We choose simple cost functions and study different distortion
functions and their implications on the optimal transport plan. We show that on
the real line, the comonotonic coupling is optimal for the distorted optimal
transport problem when the distortion function is convex and the cost function
is submodular and monotone. Some forms of duality and uniqueness results are
provided. For inverse-S-shaped distortion functions and linear cost, we obtain
the unique form of optimal coupling for all marginal distributions, which turns
out to have an interesting ``first comonotonic, then counter-monotonic"
dependence structure; for S-shaped distortion functions a similar structure is
obtained. Our results highlight several challenges and features in distorted
optimal transport, offering a new mathematical bridge between the fields of
probability, decision theory, and risk management
Exposure of the Hidden Anti-Ferromagnetism in Paramagnetic CdSe:Mn Nanocrystals
We present theoretical and experimental investigations of the magnetism of
paramagnetic semiconductor CdSe:Mn nanocrystals and propose an efficient
approach to the exposure and analysis of the underlying anti-ferromagnetic
interactions between magnetic ions therein. A key advance made here is the
build-up of an analysis method with the exploitation of group theory technique
that allows us to distinguish the anti-ferromagnetic interactions between
aggregative Mn2+ ions from the overall pronounced paramagnetism of magnetic ion
doped semiconductor nanocrystals. By using the method, we clearly reveal and
identify the signatures of anti-ferromagnetism from the measured temperature
dependent magnetisms, and furthermore determine the average number of Mn2+ ions
and the fraction of aggregative ones in the measured CdSe:Mn nanocrystals.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figure
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