391 research outputs found
Gluon quasidistribution function at one loop
We study the unpolarized gluon quasidistribution function in the nucleon at
one loop level in the large momentum effective theory. For the quark
quasidistribution, power law ultraviolet divergences arise in the cut-off
scheme and an important observation is that they all are subjected to Wilson
lines. However for the gluon quasidistribution function, we first point out
that the linear ultraviolet divergences also exist in the real diagram which is
not connected to any Wilson line. We then study the one loop corrections to
parton distribution functions in both cut-off scheme and dimensional
regularization to deal with the ultraviolet divergences. In addition to the
ordinary quark and gluon distributions, we also include the quark to gluon and
gluon to quark splitting diagrams. The complete one-loop matching factors
between the quasi and light cone parton distribution functions are presented in
the cut-off scheme. We derive the evolution equation for quasi parton
distribution functions, and find that the evolution kernels are identical
to the DGLAP evolution kernels.Comment: 26 pages,8 figures;accepted by Eur.Phys.J
Quasi parton distribution functions at NNLO: flavor non-diagonal quark contributions
We present a next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) calculation of the quasi
parton distribution functions (Quasi-PDFs) in the large momentum effective
theory (LaMET). We focus on the flavor non-diagonal quark-quark channel and
demonstrate the LaMET factorization at the NNLO accuracy in the modified
minimal subtraction scheme. The matching coefficient between the quasi-PDF and
the light-cone PDF is derived. This provides a first step towards a complete
NNLO analysis of quasi-PDFs and to better understand the nucleon structures
from the first principle of QCD.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures; v2: accepted for publication in Physical Review
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Equilibrium Lending Mechanism and Aggregate Activity
What determines the firm's choice of its mechanism of investment financing? How is the choice of the firm's financing mechanism at the micro level related to the economy's business cycle movements at the aggregate level? This paper develops a model of the credit market where the equilibrium lending mechanism, as well as the economy's aggregate investment and output, are endogenously determined. Among other things, our model predicts that a negative productivity shock can cause an economic downturn that is accompanied not only by a contraction in total outstanding loans, but also by a decline in the ratio of bank loans to non-bank lending, as observed in the 1990-91 U.S. recession.
Equilibrium lending mechanism and aggregate activity
This paper develops a model of the credit market where the equilibrium lending mechanism, as well as the economy's aggregate investment and output, are endogenously determined. It focuses on two crucial elements. One is the micro theory of optimal lending mechanism. Instead of imposing a particular lending contract form exogenously, we solve for the optimal contract between a borrower and a lender designed to circumvent adverse-selection and moral-hazard problems in the model environment. The other important element is the effect of credit market condition on the lending mechanism. We embed the micro model of the two-agent contracting problem into a competitive credit market. Hence, we are able to study the interaction among credit market tightness, equilibrium financing mechanism and aggregate economic activity.> On the optimal contract, the paper provides a formal theory that explains why some firms choose to borrow from banks, while others decide to issue bond to finance their investment. It postulates that the optimal contract is one of two kinds: either with intensive monitoring by the lender to overcome borrower's incentive problems, such as most of intermediated financing (bank or venture-capital financing), or with heavy reliance on the borrower, such as market financing. The model predicts that intermediated financing is optimal when investment returns are high, cost of lender monitoring is low, investment's liquidation value is low, and credit market is tight for the borrowers.> On the general equilibrium effect, we show that the observation that bank lending falls relative to corporate bond issuance during recessions can be explained by movements in the economy's real factors, such as the decline in the average investment returns (which is considered as a contributing factor to the ``credit crunch'' occurred during 1990-91 recession), and paradoxically, the increase of investment demand which worsens credit market condition and hence intensifies the incentive problems. It can also be explained by the drop of credit supply, possibly brought about by a contractionary monetary policy in the short run.Bank loans ; Loans
The Application of Driver Models in the Safety Assessment of Autonomous Vehicles: A Survey
Driver models play a vital role in developing and verifying autonomous
vehicles (AVs). Previously, they are mainly applied in traffic flow simulation
to model realistic driver behavior. With the development of AVs, driver models
attract much attention again due to their potential contributions to AV
certification. The simulation-based testing method is considered an effective
measure to accelerate AV testing due to its safe and efficient characteristics.
Nonetheless, realistic driver models are prerequisites for valid simulation
results. Additionally, an AV is assumed to be at least as safe as a careful and
competent driver. Therefore, driver models are inevitable for AV safety
assessment. However, no comparison or discussion of driver models is available
regarding their utility to AVs in the last five years despite their necessities
in the release of AVs. This motivates us to present a comprehensive survey of
driver models in the paper and compare their applicability. Requirements for
driver models in terms of their application to AV safety assessment are
discussed. A summary of driver models for simulation-based testing and AV
certification is provided. Evaluation metrics are defined to compare their
strength and weakness. Finally, an architecture for a careful and competent
driver model is proposed. Challenges and future work are elaborated. This study
gives related researchers especially regulators an overview and helps them to
define appropriate driver models for AVs
Concentration of Data Encoding in Parameterized Quantum Circuits
Variational quantum algorithms have been acknowledged as a leading strategy
to realize near-term quantum advantages in meaningful tasks, including machine
learning and combinatorial optimization. When applied to tasks involving
classical data, such algorithms generally begin with quantum circuits for data
encoding and then train quantum neural networks (QNNs) to minimize target
functions. Although QNNs have been widely studied to improve these algorithms'
performance on practical tasks, there is a gap in systematically understanding
the influence of data encoding on the eventual performance. In this paper, we
make progress in filling this gap by considering the common data encoding
strategies based on parameterized quantum circuits. We prove that, under
reasonable assumptions, the distance between the average encoded state and the
maximally mixed state could be explicitly upper-bounded with respect to the
width and depth of the encoding circuit. This result in particular implies that
the average encoded state will concentrate on the maximally mixed state at an
exponential speed on depth. Such concentration seriously limits the
capabilities of quantum classifiers, and strictly restricts the
distinguishability of encoded states from a quantum information perspective. We
further support our findings by numerically verifying these results on both
synthetic and public data sets. Our results highlight the significance of
quantum data encoding in machine learning tasks and may shed light on future
encoding strategies.Comment: 26 pages including appendi
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