Transcriptome Profiling Unravels the Involvement of Phytohormones in Tomato Resistance to the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a serious pathogen transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Due to the quick spread of the virus, which is assisted by its vector, tomato yield and quality have suffered a crushing blow. Resistance to TYLCV has been intensively investigated in transmission, yet the mechanism of anti-TYLCV remains elusive. Herein, we conducted transcriptome profiling with a TYLCV-resistant cultivar (CLN2777A) and a susceptible line (Moneymaker) to identify the potential mechanism of resistance to TYLCV. Compared to the susceptible line, CLN2777A maintained a lower level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) after TYLCV infection. Through RNA-seq, over 1000 differentially expressed genes related to the metabolic process, cellular process, response to stimulus, biological regulation, and signaling were identified, indicating that the defense response was activated after the virus attack. Further analysis showed that TYLCV infection could induce the expression of the genes involved in salicylic and jasmonic acid biosynthesis and the signal transduction of phytohormones, which illustrated that phytohormones were essential for tomatoes to defend against TYLCV. These findings provide greater insight into the effective source of resistance for TYLCV control, indicating a potential molecular tool for the design of TYLCV-resistant tomatoes

Development of a Gene-Based High Resolution Melting (HRM) Marker for Selecting the Gene ty-5 Conferring Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) causes serious yield reductions in China. The use of certain resistance genes in tomato varieties has alleviated the impact of the virus to a certain extent. Recently, varieties with the Ty-1, Ty-2, or Ty-3 genes lost their resistance to TYLCV in some areas in China. New genes should be introduced into tomato to maintain the resistance to TYLCV. Tomato line AVTO1227 has excellent resistance to disease due to the resistance gene ty-5. In this study, we screened different types of markers in a tomato F2 population to compare their accuracy and efficiency. The sequencing analysis results were consistent with the high resolution melting (HRM) marker genotype and field identification results. The result confirmed that the functional marker of ty-5 was accurate and reliable. The single nucleotide polymorphism-based HRM genotyping method established in this study can be used for the selection of breeding parent material, gene correlation analysis, and molecular marker-assisted breeding

Effect of metformin use on the risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Previous studies have suggested that metformin may be useful for preventing and treating endometrial cancer (EC), while the results have been inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between metformin use and risk and prognosis of patients with EC. Methods PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for observational studies evaluating the effect of metformin on EC prevention or treatment. The odds ratio (OR) was used for analyzing risks, and the hazard ratio (HR) was used for analyzing survival outcomes. A random-effects model was used for data analysis. Results Seven studies reported data on EC risk. The pooled results suggested that metformin was not significantly associated with a lower risk of EC [OR = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82–1.35, P = 0.70]. For patients with diabetes, metformin showed no advantage in reducing the EC risk compared with other interventions (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.78–1.26, P = 0.95). Further, seven studies were included for survival analysis. The pooled data showed that metformin could significantly improve the overall survival of patients with EC (HR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.48–0.77, P < 0.05) and reduce the risk of EC recurrence (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.28–0.92, P < 0.05) Finally, we noted metformin was associated with significantly improving the overall survival of EC patients among diabetes (HR = 0.47; 95%CI 0.33–0.67, P < 0.05). Conclusions This meta-analysis did not prove that metformin was beneficial for preventing EC. However, metformin could prolong the overall survival of patients with EC and reduce their risk of cancer relapse

Development of a Gene-Based High Resolution Melting (HRM) Marker for Selecting the Gene <i>ty-5</i> Conferring Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) causes serious yield reductions in China. The use of certain resistance genes in tomato varieties has alleviated the impact of the virus to a certain extent. Recently, varieties with the Ty-1, Ty-2, or Ty-3 genes lost their resistance to TYLCV in some areas in China. New genes should be introduced into tomato to maintain the resistance to TYLCV. Tomato line AVTO1227 has excellent resistance to disease due to the resistance gene ty-5. In this study, we screened different types of markers in a tomato F2 population to compare their accuracy and efficiency. The sequencing analysis results were consistent with the high resolution melting (HRM) marker genotype and field identification results. The result confirmed that the functional marker of ty-5 was accurate and reliable. The single nucleotide polymorphism-based HRM genotyping method established in this study can be used for the selection of breeding parent material, gene correlation analysis, and molecular marker-assisted breeding

Velocity-Controlled Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Its Application to the Optimization of Transverse Flux Induction Heating Apparatus

The main disadvantage of transverse flux induction heating (TFIH) is its resulting non-uniform temperature distribution on the surface of the strip at the inductor outlet. For obtaining a uniform temperature distribution, an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) named velocity-controlled PSO (VCPSO) is proposed and applied to optimize this problem. Support vector machine (SVM) is adopted to establish a regression model to replace the complex and time-consuming coupling calculation process involved in TFIH problem. Simulation results of several test functions show that VCPSO performs much better than standard PSO (SPSO). Moreover, based on the existing research and experiments, the application of VCPSO combined with SVM to the TFIH problem achieves satisfactory results

Alteration in methylation level at differential methylated regions of MEST and DLK1 in fetus of preeclampsia

Objectives: Offspring born to preeclamptic women are at high risk for metabolic diseases in later life, but the mechanisms are not known. The purposes of the current investigation were to clarify the changes in DNA methylation at MEST and DLK1 DMRs in fetus of preeclampsia and to explore the possible mechanisms behind the high risk of adult diseases in the offspring of preeclampsia. Methods: Fetal lymphocytes were isolated from umbilical cord blood of 78 women with preeclampsia and 95 women with normal pregnancy. Genomic DNA was extracted and then DNA methylation levels of MEST and DLK1 DMRs were determined by MassARRAY quantitative methylation analysis. Results: The methylation levels were detected in 20 CpG sites of MEST DMR and 16 sites of DLK1 DMR. Methylation changes were significantly different at CPG1, 3, 4, 7.8, 15, 18.19, and 20 of MEST between preeclampsia and normal pregnancy (P = 0.014, 0.001, <0.001, <0.001, = 0.001,  = 0.005, and = 0.003, respectively). Significant differences were also observed at CPG 3 and 9 of DLK1 (P = 0.002 and 0.027, respectively). However, overall methylation at these DMRs were not affected. Conclusion: We conclude methylation changes at some CpG sites of MEST and DLK DMRs in preeclamptic group. This may be among the mechanisms behind the high risk of adult diseases in the later life of offspring born to preeclamptic pregnancies. Abbreviations: DMR: Differentially Methylated Region; MEST: Mesoderm Specific Transcrip

Additional file 2: of Effect of metformin use on the risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Newcastle–Ottawa scale for quality assessment of the included studies. (DOC 36 kb

Additional file 1: of Effect of metformin use on the risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PRISMA Checklist. (DOC 65 kb