Water and salt movement in different soil textures under various negative irrigating pressures

AbstractThis study examined the effect of different negative pressures and soil textures on water and salt movement to improve the efficiency of negative pressure irrigation (NPI). Four soil textures of varying fineness (Loamy Sand, Loam, Silty Loam, and Sandy Loam) and three negative pressure values (0, –5, and –10 kPa) were used. As irrigation time increased, wetting front movement speeds decreased, and as negative pressure increased, wetting front size decreased. Coarse soils had the smallest wetting front under greater negative pressure. Next, water infiltration rate decreased as irrigation time increased, and coarse soils had the lowest average infiltration rate under greater negative pressure. Finally, salt content increased with distance from the irrigation emitter and with increased negative pressure. Further, coarse soils were found to have decreased desalination under greater negative pressure. Thus, soil texture has a strong effect on NPI efficiency. However, by adjusting pressure values in accordance with soil texture, soil water content can be controlled and maintained. These findings are important to the improvement of NPI systems, increasing their practicality for agricultural use

Sistem Pengupahan Antara Karyawan Harian Tetap dan Buruh Harian Lepas (Suatu Kasus Pada Perusahaan Pt. fajar Baizury & Brother di Tadu B Kecamatan Tadu Raya Kabupaten Nagan Raya)

SISTEM PENGUPAHAN ANTARA KARYAWAN HARIAN TETAP DAN BURUH HARIAN LEPAS ( SUATU KASUS PADA PERUSAHAAN PT. FAJAR BAIZURY & BROTHERS DI TADU B KECAMATAN TADU RAYA KABUPATEN NAGAN RAYA)Jelva Afdanur/Agribisnis/Universitas Syiah KualaABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem pengupahan antara karyawan harian lepas dan buruh harian lepas pada PT. Fajar Baizury & Brothers Kabupaten Nagan Raya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan sistem pengupahan antara karyawan harian tetap dan buruh harian lepas terletak pada besaran jumlah upah pokok,tunjangan dan jaminan kesehatan bagaimana cara perhitungan upah pokok yang diberikan dari perusahaan, dan komponen upah apa saja yang diterima kedua tenaga kerja tersebut.Upah pokok yang diterima oleh karyawan harian tetap dihitung per bulan dengan jumlah jam kerja 8 jam kerja / hari. Besaran upah untuk karyawan harian tetap adalah sebesar Rp. 1.550.000/bulan. Komponen upah yang diterima oleh karyawan harian tetap adalah upah pokok, premi panen dan premi pemupukan, tunjangan natura, jamsostek dan fasilitas pendukung lainnya. Sedangkan upah pokok yang diterima buruh harian lepas dihitung perhari kerja (1 HK=8 jam). Besaran upah untuk karyawan harian lepas adalah Rp. 62.000/HK. Komponen upah yang diterima buruh harian lepas berbatas pada upah pokok dan premi panen, pemupukan, dan pembabatan. Kata kunci : Upah, BHL, HOK, Dan Premi, KHT.WAGE SYSTEM BETWEEN PERMANENT EMPLOYEESAND CASUAL LABORERS(IN CASE OF PT. FAJAR BAIZURY & BROTHERS IN TADU B KECAMATAN TADU RAYA KABUPATEN NAGAN RAYA)Jelva Afdanur/Agribisnis/Universitas Syiah KualaABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to know about wage system between monthly-paid and daily-paid employees at PT.Fajar Baizury & Brothers in Kabupaten Nagan Raya. Method used in this study are descriptive and qualitative methods. The result of this study shows that the distinguishes from monthly-paid and daily-paid employees are assured of basic salary, allowance, health insurance and the way how the company counts the payment and what employees get for the company.Basic salary of monthly-paid employees for normal working hours which is basic salary for eight hours is Rp 1.550.000/per month. They will receive basic salary, harvesting and fertilizing premium, agricultural subsidy, health insurance, and other facilities. However, daily-paid employees are for normal working hours will be paid per day (1 day= 8 hours) is Rp. 62.000 and they will receive limited components such as basic salary, harvesting and fertilizing premium, and weeding premium.Key Words: Wage, BHL, HOK, and Premium, KHTBanda Ace

Reference Matters: Benchmarking Factual Error Correction for Dialogue Summarization with Fine-grained Evaluation Framework

Factuality is important to dialogue summarization. Factual error correction (FEC) of model-generated summaries is one way to improve factuality. Current FEC evaluation that relies on factuality metrics is not reliable and detailed enough. To address this problem, we are the first to manually annotate a FEC dataset for dialogue summarization containing 4000 items and propose FERRANTI, a fine-grained evaluation framework based on reference correction that automatically evaluates the performance of FEC models on different error categories. Using this evaluation framework, we conduct sufficient experiments with FEC approaches under a variety of settings and find the best training modes and significant differences in the performance of the existing approaches on different factual error categories.Comment: Accepted to ACL 2023 Main Conferenc

Strict Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule Class-Specific Binding by Co-Receptors Enforces MHC-Restricted αβ TCR Recognition during T Lineage Subset Commitment

Since the discovery of co-receptor dependent αβTCR recognition, considerable effort has been spent on elucidating the basis of CD4 and CD8 lineage commitment in the thymus. The latter is responsible for generating mature CD4 helper and CD8αβ cytotoxic T cell subsets. Although CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recognition of peptide antigens is known to be MHC class II- and MHC class I-restricted, respectively, the mechanism of single positive (SP) thymocyte lineage commitment from bipotential double-positive (DP) progenitors is not fully elucidated. Classical models to explain thymic CD4 vs. CD8 fate determination have included a stochastic selection model or instructional models. The latter are based either on strength of signal or duration of signal impacting fate. More recently, differential co-receptor gene imprinting has been shown to be involved in expression of transcription factors impacting cytotoxic T cell development. Here, we address commitment from a structural perspective, focusing on the nature of co-receptor binding to MHC molecules. By surveying 58 MHC class II and 224 MHC class I crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank, it becomes clear that CD4 cannot bind to MHC I molecules, nor can CD8αβ or CD8αα bind to MHC II molecules. Given that the co-receptor delivers Lck to phosphorylate exposed CD3 ITAMs within a peptide/MHC (pMHC)-ligated TCR complex to initiate cell signaling, this strict co-receptor recognition fosters MHC class-restricted SP thymocyte lineage commitment at the DP stage even though both co-receptors are expressed on a single cell. In short, the binding preference of an αβTCR for a peptide complexed with an MHC molecule dictates which co-receptor subsequently binds, thereby supporting development of that subset lineage. How function within the lineage is linked further to biopotential fate determination is discussed

Loop Formulas for Description Logic Programs

Description Logic Programs (dl-programs) proposed by Eiter et al. constitute an elegant yet powerful formalism for the integration of answer set programming with description logics, for the Semantic Web. In this paper, we generalize the notions of completion and loop formulas of logic programs to description logic programs and show that the answer sets of a dl-program can be precisely captured by the models of its completion and loop formulas. Furthermore, we propose a new, alternative semantics for dl-programs, called the {\em canonical answer set semantics}, which is defined by the models of completion that satisfy what are called canonical loop formulas. A desirable property of canonical answer sets is that they are free of circular justifications. Some properties of canonical answer sets are also explored.Comment: 29 pages, 1 figures (in pdf), a short version appeared in ICLP'1

A Conserved Hydrophobic Patch on Vβ Domains Revealed by TCRβ Chain Crystal Structures: Implications for Pre-TCR Dimerization

The αβ T cell receptor (TCR) is a multimeric complex whose β chain plays a crucial role in thymocyte development as well as antigen recognition by mature T lymphocytes. We report here crystal structures of individual β subunits, termed N15β (Vβ5.2Dβ2Jβ2.6Cβ2) and N30β (Vβ13Dβ1Jβ1.1Cβ2), derived from two αβ TCRs specific for the immunodominant vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide (VSV-8) bound to the murine H-2Kb MHC class I molecule. The crystal packing of the N15β structure reveals a homodimer formed through two Vβ domains. The Vβ/Vβ module is topologically very similar to the Vα/Vβ module in the N15αβ heterodimer. By contrast, in the N30β structure, the Vβ domain’s external hydrophobic CFG face is covered by the neighboring molecule’s Cβ domain. In conjunction with systematic investigation of previously published TCR single-subunit structures, we identified several conserved residues forming a concave hydrophobic patch at the center of the CFG outer face of the Vβ and other V-type Ig-like domains. This hydrophobic patch is shielded from solvent exposure in the crystal packing, implying that it is unlikely to be thermodynamically stable if exposed on the thymocyte surface. Accordingly, we propose a dimeric pre-TCR model distinct from those suggested previously by others and discuss its functional and structural implications

Involvement of the TCR Cβ FG Loop in Thymic Selection and T Cell Function

The asymmetric disposition of T cell receptor (TCR) Cβ and Cα ectodomains creates a cavity with a side-wall formed by the rigid Cβ FG loop. To investigate the significance of this conserved structure, we generated loop deletion (βΔFG) and βwt transgenic (tg) mice using the TCR β subunit of the N15 CTL. N15βwt and N15βΔFG H-2b animals have comparable numbers of thymocytes in S phase and manifest developmental progression through the CD4−CD8− double-negative (DN) compartment. N15βΔFG facilitates transition from DN to CD4+8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes in recombinase activating gene (RAG)-2−/− mice, showing that pre-TCR function remains. N15βΔFG animals possess ∼twofold more CD8+ single-positive (SP) thymocytes and lymph node T cells, consistent with enhanced positive selection. As an altered Vα repertoire observed in N15βΔFG mice may confound the deletion's effect, we crossed N15αβ TCR tg RAG-2−/− with N15βΔFG tg RAG-2−/− H-2b mice to generate N15αβ RAG-2−/− and N15αβ.βΔFG RAG-2−/− littermates. N15αβ.βΔFG RAG-2−/− mice show an 8–10-fold increase in DP thymocytes due to reduced negative selection, as evidenced by diminished constitutive and cognate peptide-induced apoptosis. Compared with N15αβ, N15αβ.βΔFG T cells respond poorly to cognate antigens and weak agonists. Thus, the Cβ FG loop facilitates negative selection of thymocytes and activation of T cells