A possible link between sinusitis and lower airway hypersensitivity: the role of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The prevalence of asthma has been keeping arising with unknown etiology. The cumulative evidence indicates that chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) closely relates to asthma, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to take insight into the role of Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) in a possible association between CRS and asthma. METHODS: 38 patients with both CRS and asthma underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Serum specific IgE and cytokines, clinical symptoms of CRS and asthma were evaluated before and after the surgery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from the patients and cultured. Th2 response of the cultured PBMCs in the presence or absence of specific antigens and SEB was evaluated. RESULTS: Besides the improvement of CRS symptoms, amelioration of asthma was also observed in the patients with both CRS and asthma after the sinus surgery. The preoperatively elevated Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, normalized postoperatively. Th2 response was generated with separated PBMCs in the presence of specific antigens. SEB was required for maintaining Th2 response in these separated PBMCs. CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that a possible link exists between CRS and lower airway hypersensitivity. Sinusitis derived SEB may play a role in sustaining Th2 responses in the low airway hypersensitivity related to sinusitis

FINANCIAL STRUCTURE FOUNDATION OF THE URBAN– RURAL INCOME GAP IN CHINA: AN INVESTIGATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE DOUBLE DUAL STRUCTURE

This article is an empirical analysis of the relations between financial structure and the urban–rural income gap (URIG) in China’s economic transition, based on the country’s double dual structure. We employ data of 31 provinces in China from 2001 to 2016 to empirically study the influence of financial structure on the URIG. We find an inverted U-shaped relation between financial scale and the URIG, a positive impact of urban and rural financial structure on the URIG, and an inverted U-shaped relation between the mismatch of financial resources and the URIG. These findings show that selection of the optimal proportion of the state-owned economy through ownership reform and the promotion of financial development and optimization of the allocation of financial resources are two effective ways to reduce the URIG.This article is an empirical analysis of the relations between financial structure and the urban–rural income gap (URIG) in China’s economic transition, based on the country’s double dual structure. We employ data of 31 provinces in China from 2001 to 2016 to empirically study the influence of financial structure on the URIG. We find an inverted U-shaped relation between financial scale and the URIG, a positive impact of urban and rural financial structure on the URIG, and an inverted U-shaped relation between the mismatch of financial resources and the URIG. These findings show that selection of the optimal proportion of the state-owned economy through ownership reform and the promotion of financial development and optimization of the allocation of financial resources are two effective ways to reduce the URIG

A new proxy signature scheme as secure as EIGamal signature

Proxy signature helps the proxy signer to sign messages on behalf of the original signer. It is very useful when the original signer (e.g. the president of a company) is not available to sign a specific document. If the original signer can not forge valid proxy signatures through impersonating the proxy signer, it will be robust in a virtual environment; thus the original signer can not shift any illegal action initiated by herself to the proxy signer. In this paper, we propose a new proxy signature scheme. The new scheme can prevent the original signer from impersonating the proxy signer to sign messages. The proposed scheme is based on the regular ElGamal signature. In addition, the fair privacy of the proxy signer is maintained. That means, the privacy of the proxy signer is preserved; and the privacy can be revealed when it is necessary

A New Proxy Signature Scheme As Secure As ElGamal Signature

Proxy signature helps the proxy signer to sign messages on behalf of the original signer. It is very useful when the original signer (e.g. the president of a company) is not available to sign a specific document. If the original signer can not forge valid proxy signatures through impersonating the proxy signer, it will be robust in a virtual environment; thus the original signer can not shift any illegal action initiated by herself to the proxy signer. In this paper, we propose a new proxy signature scheme. The new scheme can prevent the original signer from impersonating the proxy signer to sign messages. The proposed scheme is based on the regular ElGamal signature. In addition, the fair privacy of the proxy signer is maintained. That means, the privacy of the proxy signer is preserved; and the privacy can be revealed when it is necessary