Characterization of virulence factors in the newly described <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serotype Keurmassar emerging in Senegal (sub-Saharan Africa)

From 2000 to 2001, nine strains of Salmonella enterica belonging to the new serotype Keurmassar have been isolated from human and poultry samples at the Senegalese National Salmonella and Shigella Reference Laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, in Dakar. All strains carried virulence factors including Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI)-1, -2, -3 and -5 encoded genes. Strains did not harbour virulence plasmid. Ribotyping analysis revealed a single clone identical to Salmonella Decatur isolated in Zimbabwe. These data suggest that strains are closely related, and may have been spread clonally. In this new serotype, insertion sequence IS200 is not present

Growth and Convergence in WAEMU Countries

This paper investigates convergence and dynamic effects of human and physical capital on growth, in WAEMU countries. Using recently developed models for panel data and a growth accounting model, the study finds that growth is largely explained by changes in literacy rates and factor accumulation, but not by growth of total factor productivity (TFP). Nevertheless, the panel estimation identifies aid, government spending, credit to the private sector, and openness as positive determinants of TFP growth, and government deficits as a negative determinant. The study also finds that per capita income in lower-income WAEMU countries converge to per capita income in higher-income ones when economic policies are similar. These results suggest opportunities for policymakers to enhance growth and convergence.Economic growth;West African Economic and Monetary Union;Economic models;gdp per capita, equation, statistic, growth rate, per capita income, correlation, growth accounting, real gdp, mean group, econometrics, total factor productivity, gdp growth, equations, per capita incomes, growth rates, estimation method, growth model, prediction, growth theories, stochastic process, standard errors, estimation technique, computation, mean group estimation, mean group estimator, cointegration, probability, random variable, consumption expenditure, statistics, capital formation, general government final consumption expenditure, survey, predictions, fixed effects model, maximum likelihood estimation, time series, statistical significance, final consumption expenditure, constant term, dynamic models, government final consumption expenditure, neoclassical growth model, regression equation, measurement errors, sample bias, endogenous growth theory, surveys

Efficiency-Adjusted Public Capital and Growth

This paper constructs an efficiency-adjusted public capital stock series and re-examines the public capital and growth relationship for 52 developing countries. The results show that public capital is a significant contributor to economic growth. Although the estimated coefficient for the income share of public capital is larger in middle- than in low-income countries, the opposite is true for the marginal product of public capital. The quality of public investment, as measured by variables capturing the adequacy of project selection and implementation, are statistically significant in explaining variations in economic growth, a result mainly driven by low-income countries.Developing countries;Economic growth;Governance;Low-income developing countries;public investment, capital stock, investment management, investment growth, investment flows, efficiency of capital, private capital, investment spending, capital accumulation, productive capital, capital inputs, private investment, increasing returns, capital increase

Who's Going Green and Why? Trends and Determinants of Green Investment

This paper fills a gap in the macroeconomic literature on renewable sources of energy. It offers a definition of green investment and analyzes the trends and determinants of this investment over the last decade for 35 advanced and emerging countries. We use a new multi-country historical dataset and find that green investment has become a key driver of the energy sector and that its rapid growth is now mostly driven by China. Our econometric results suggest that green investment is boosted by economic growth, a sound financial system conducive to low interest rates, and high fuel prices. We also find that some policy interventions, such as the introduction of carbon pricing schemes, or "feed-in-tariffs," which require use of "green" energy, have a positive and significant impact on green investment. Other interventions, such as biofuel support, do not appear to be associated with higher green investment.Energy;Asia;Climatic changes;Economic models;Energy policy;Energy prices;Greenhouse gas emissions;Public investment;crude oil, fossil fuel, renewable energy, carbon emissions, fossil fuels, gas emissions, green technologies, greenhouse gas, carbon pricing, energy efficiency, fuel prices, green energy, oil prices, wind power, natural gas, carbon tax, econometric results, clean energy, fossil fuel combustion, carbon emission, energy information administration, crude oil price, emission reduction, crude oil prices, alternative energy, renewable resources, natural resources, carbon sequestration, energy source, opec, air pollution, environmental degradation, total energy, environmental regulations, emission trading, climate policy, electricity production, power plant, national energy, greenhouse gases, econometric analysis, solar power, fossil energy, fossil fuel use, fuel switching, gasoline prices, carbon dioxide, higher oil prices, fuel consumption, gasoline price, power generation, efficient lighting, fuel supply, fossil fuel r & d, voluntary basis, energy production, domestic coal, total emissions, fossil fuel supply, energy mix, reducing carbon emissions, fuel woods, acid rain, geological conditions, oil equivalent, wind turbine, weather conditions, diesel fuel, permit trading, offshore wind, green ? energy, fossil fuel energy use, carbon markets, district heating, carbon taxes, carbon economy, photovoltaic power, heating systems, relationship between interest rates, sulfur dioxide, natural gas prices, fuel use, heat production, fuel sources, carbon content, carbon energy, carbon investment, wind turbines, fossil fuel technologies, traditional fossil fuel, organic material, fossil fuel taxation, environmental damage, fossil fuel energy, fossil fuel prices, clean technology, total energy use, fossil fuel sources, efficient electricity, cost abatement opportunities

Genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis isolates in Dakar, Senegal

Background: It is well established that Salmonella enterica is a major cause of food-borne disease worldwide. In Africa, according to the Who Global Salm-Surv country data bank from 2000 to 2002 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was the most common serotype involved in human salmonellosis. In Dakar this serotype of Salmonella has been reported as a frequent and an increasing cause of human infection.Methodology: The genetic determinants of the antimicrobial resistance of 25 selected multiresistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis referred to the National Reference Center for Enterobacteria (NRCE) in Dakar were investigated using molecular techniques.Results: All strains carried blaTEM 1 genes. Five harboured three types of class 1 integrons with gene cassettes dfrA15, dfrA1-aadA1 and dfrA7. Multiresistance was due to a 23 Kb conjugative plasmid. DNA fingerprinting by macrorestriction of genomic DNA revealed a single related group suggesting that strains might be clonal.Conclusions: The spread of resistance genes through plasmid transfer plays an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in enteric pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis; the risk of transmissibility of antibiotic resistance between different bacterial strains highlights the urgent need to develop strategies to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial enteropathogens

Diversity and antimicrobial drug resistance of non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes isolated in lettuce, irrigation water and clinical samples in Burkina Faso

Introduction: The contamination of fresh vegetables by non-typhoid Salmonella species present in irrigation water and animal feces could causes of many diarrheal infections and diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes and their antimicrobial resistance profile from lettuce, irrigation water and human samples. Methods: This study concern 57 Salmonella isolated from 134 lettuce and irrigation water samples and 416 stool samples. All Salmonella isolated were characterized used serotyping antisera according to Kauffman-White-Le Minor scheme. Salmonella strains were characterized by simplex PCR using specific primers. Results: Out of 57 Salmonella isolated, (42/134) 31.34% were from lettuce and irrigation water and (15/416) 03.6% from human. A total of 36 different serotypes were identified. Highest prevalence was obtained with S. Cubana, S. Jodhpur and S. Kentucky 05/57 (08.77% each) followed by S. Poona 04/57 (07%). Resistance genes CTX-M1, aadA1, dfrAI, were obtained with S. Jodhpur and CTX-M2, aac(3-Id), aadA7 with S. Kentucky. However, resistance genes gyrA, gyrB and parE were found in S. Essen, S. Poona and S. Senftenberg. Virulence gene such as invA, pipD and misL were found in 91% globally, followed by orfL 81% and spvR 12%. Conclusion: This study highlighted the diversity of non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes and resistance genes circulating in environment and hospital center in BF. Gardening products should be a potential source of transmission of Salmonella causing diarrhea among human in BF. Microbiological and antimicrobial resistance plans must be implemented so that they are tools for infection prevention

First Description of the Extended Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase Gene blaCTX-M-109 in Salmonella Grumpensis Strains Isolated from Neonatal Nosocomial Infections in Dakar, Senegal.

Nosocomial infections are very common in African hospitals, particularly in neonatal units. These infections are most often caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Staphylococcus spp. Salmonella strains are rarely involved in nosocomial infections. Here, we report the first description of S. Grumpensis in neonatal infections in Senegal. Seventeen Salmonella strains were isolated from hospitalized infants' stool samples. The following resistance phenotype was described in strains: AMXRTICRCFR FOXRCFXRCTXRCAZRIMPSATMRNARNORRCIPRTMRGMRTERSXTR. All isolates were susceptible to imipenem, 15 out of 17 produced an extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL). blaOXA-1, blaSHV-1, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M1 genes were detected in strains 8, 13, 5 and 8, respectively. blaCTX-M1 sequencing revealed the presence of blaCTX-M-109. Thirteen of the 17 Salmonella Grumpensis strains were analyzed by PFGE. These 13 isolates belonged to a single pulsotype and were genotypically identical. This is the first report of neonatal S. Grumpensis infections in Senegal, and the first report of blaCTX-M-109 in the genus Salmonella

Representative PFGE patterns of <i>Salmonella</i> Grumpensis from infants with gastroenteritis.

<p>Representative PFGE patterns of <i>Salmonella</i> Grumpensis from infants with gastroenteritis.</p