Bland-Altman plot of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements, with zero-line (blue line), mean difference (red line) and 95% limits of agreement (green dotted lines), comparing AS-OCT (ZAP) and Ultrasound Pachymetry.

<p>X-axis units = µm/Y-axis units = µm.</p

Comparison of anterior segment parameters measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and various modalities.

*<p>based on paired-samples t-test.</p>†<p>ACD measurements by ZAP have CCT measurements by ZAP added to allow comparison with ACD measurements by IOLMaster.</p><p>ACD: anterior chamber depth; CCT: central corneal thickness; K: keratometry; D: diopters; SD: standard deviation; LOA: limits of agreement; CI: confidence interval; ZAP: Zhongshan Angle Assessment Program.</p

Bland-Altman plot of keratometric (K)-readings with the difference between the K-readings of the two methods regressed on the average of K-readings with its 95% prediction interval.

<p>X-axis units = D/Y-axis units = D.</p

Retinal Microvascular Abnormalities and Risk of Renal Failure in Asian Populations

<div><p>Background</p><p>Retinal microvascular signs may provide insights into the structure and function of small vessels that are associated with renal disease. We examined the relationship of retinal microvascular signs with both prevalent and incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a multi-ethnic Asian population.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 5763 subjects (aged ≥40 years) from two prospective population-based studies (the Singapore Malay Eye Study and the Singapore Prospective Study) were included for the current analysis. Retinopathy was graded using the modified Airlie House classification system. Retinal vascular parameters were measured using computer-assisted programs to quantify the retinal vessel widths (arteriolar and venular caliber) and retinal vascular network (fractal dimension). Data on ESRD was obtained by record linkage with the ESRD cases registered by National Registry of Diseases Office, Singapore. Multi-variable adjusted regression analyses were performed to assess the associations of baseline retinal vascular parameters and prevalent and incident ESRD.</p><p>Results</p><p>At baseline, 21(0.36%) persons had prevalent ESRD. During a median follow-up of 4.3 years, 33 (0.57%) subjects developed ESRD. In our analyses, retinopathy was associated with prevalent ESRD (multi-variable adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28–8.05) and incident ESRD (multi-variable adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.51, 95%CI: 1.14–5.54). This association was largely seen in person with diabetes (HR, 2.60, 95%CI: 1.01–6.66) and not present in persons without diabetes (HR, 1.65, 95%CI: 0.14–18.98). Retinal arteriolar caliber, retinal venular caliber and retinal vascular fractal dimension were not associated with ESRD.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Retinopathy signs in persons with diabetes are related to an increased risk of ESRD; however, other microvascular changes in the retina are not associated with ESRD.</p></div

Retinal vascular calibre measurement and Retinopathy.

<p>Retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were summarized as central retinal arteriolar (CRAE) and the central retinal venular (CRVE) equivalent respectively from retinal fundus photograph using the Interactive Vessel Analysis software (IVAN, University of Wisconsin, US). Arterioles are in red and venules are in blue. Retinopathy was considered present if any characteristic lesion (microaneurysms, haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, hard exudates, venous beading and new vessels) was present. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118076#pone.0118076.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>]</p

Relation of retinal vascular caliber, retinal vascular fractal dimension and retinopathy signs to risk of end stage renal disease.

<p>HR = hazard ratio; SD = standard deviation</p><p>Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, race; Model 2: additionally adjusted for hypertension, diabetes and eGFR</p><p>Relation of retinal vascular caliber, retinal vascular fractal dimension and retinopathy signs to risk of end stage renal disease.</p

Baseline characteristics comparing between those with retinopathy and those without.

<p>* p-value for differences between those with Retinopathy and those without, by t-test or chi-square test as appropriate</p><p>Baseline characteristics comparing between those with retinopathy and those without.</p

Relation of retinal vascular caliber, retinal vascular fractal dimension and retinopathy signs to prevalent end stage renal disease.

<p>OR: Odds ratio; Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, race</p><p>Relation of retinal vascular caliber, retinal vascular fractal dimension and retinopathy signs to prevalent end stage renal disease.</p

Retinal vascular fractal dimension measurement.

<p>A) Coloured fundus image B) Assessment of retinal vascular fractal dimension using the International Retinal Imaging Software—Fractal (IRIS-FRACTAL).</p

Echocardiographic characteristics, stratified by multimorbidity groups and heart failure type.

<p>Echocardiographic characteristics, stratified by multimorbidity groups and heart failure type.</p