PARSEC: A Parametrized Simulation Engine for Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Protons

We present a new simulation engine for fast generation of ultra-high energy cosmic ray data based on parametrizations of common assumptions of UHECR origin and propagation. Implemented are deflections in unstructured turbulent extragalactic fields, energy losses for protons due to photo-pion production and electron-pair production, as well as effects from the expansion of the universe. Additionally, a simple model to estimate propagation effects from iron nuclei is included. Deflections in galactic magnetic fields are included using a matrix approach with precalculated lenses generated from backtracked cosmic rays. The PARSEC program is based on object oriented programming paradigms enabling users to extend the implemented models and is steerable with a graphical user interface.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic

Der Einfluß von körperlicher Leistung auf das Immunsystem bei Patienten mit variablem Immundefekt (CVID)

Mit unserer Studie sollte der Einfluß von körperlicher Belastung auf Lymphozytenpopulationen bei Patienten mit variablem Immundefektsysndrom CVID untersucht werden. Um eine Verbindung zu alltäglichen Situationen zu schaffen, wählten wir eine moderate Belastung, in Form einer Laufstrecke von 3.5 km. Es wurden vielfach signifikante Unterschiede der Zellverteilung zwischen der Patienten- und Kontrollgruppe deutlich bei der CD8 T-Zellpopulation, bei den CD4 Helferzellen sowie bei den CD45RO - und CD95 - positiven CD4 Helferzellen und bei den Natürlichen Killerzellen. Wir konnten sehen, daß bei den Patienten in der CD8 T-Zellpopulation bereits vor der Belastung eine höhere Zellzahl vorlag als bei den Kontrollpersonen. Die körperliche Belastung hatte bei dieser Zellgruppe dann zur Folge, daß direkt im Anschluß, durch einen Zellzahlanstieg bei den Patienten, ein signifikanter Unterschied der Zellzahl vorlag. Bei den T4-Helferzellen war bereits zum Ausgangszeitpunkt eine signifikant erniedrigte CD4-Zellzahl bei der Patientengruppe zu erkennen (p = 0.02; Median 616 Zellen/µl; Range 450 - 677 Zellen/µl ). Unter Belastung kam es hierbei zu einem signifikanten Zellzahlanstieg (p 0.05). Bei der näheren Betrachtung der CD4-Untergruppen ergab sich, daß sich die Zellzahlerhöhung in erster Linie in der Population der CD45RO positiven Memory-Zellen abspielte. Desweiteren war ein Anstieg in der Gruppe der CD95 exprimierenden CD4-Zellen zu sehen. In der Kontrollgruppe war hierbei, wie zu erwarten, keine auffällige Entwicklung in der Zellzahl zu erheben. Bei den Natürlichen Killerzellen, die, wie in der Literatur beschrieben, sehr sensibel auf körperliche Belastung reagieren, zeigte sich ein ähnlicher Verlauf in den beiden Gruppen. Erst zu den Meßpunkten 90 Minuten und 120 Minuten nach Belastung war dann bei den Patienten eine grenzwertig (p=0.053) signifikante Zellzahlerniedrigung auffällig. Inwieweit diese Abweichungen nun als pathologische Erscheinungen bzw. als Kompensationsmechanismen zu werten sind, ist anhand der bislang vorliegenden Daten schwer zu beurteilen. Weiterführende Studien sollten zusätzlich Bezug auf die Zellaktivität, bzw. die Zytotoxizität nehmen. Andererseits wäre eine Langzeitbetrachtung der Patienten unter körperlicher Leistung wünschenswert, um Entwicklungen erkennen und eventuell nützen zu können, im Sinne eines gezielten "immununterstützenden" Trainings

Unzerschnittene Freiräume als Schutzgut? Landschaftszerschneidung in Deutschland mit besonderem Fokus auf Sachsen

Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Entwicklung der Thematik Landschaftszerschneidung in Deutschland, dem gegenwärtigen Stand der Auswertungen und der Integration in Monitoring und Planung. Eingegangen wird auch auf die unterschiedlichen Indikatoren, die sich zur Messung des Zerschneidungsgrades etabliert haben. Nach einem Überblick über die aktuell vorliegenden bundes- und landesweiten Untersuchungen zur Landschaftszerschneidung werden am Beispiel von Sachsen Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Entwicklung der Landschaftszerschneidung von 1930 bis heute sowie eine Prognose für 2020 dargestellt. Für Sachsen und die angrenzenden Bundesländer wurde untersucht, ob und wie das Schutzgut „Unzerschnittene Freiräume“ in Pläne der Regional- und Landesplanung aufgenommen wurde. Überblicksartig werden der aktuelle Stand der Diskussion zur Einbindung der Landschaftszerschneidung in Planinstrumente gegeben und aktuelle Entwicklungen aufgezeigt.This paper concerns the development of interest in the topic of the fragmentation of the German countryside; it considers the current state of analysis and integration of the issue in both monitoring and planning. It also includes discussion of the various indicators which have become established for measuring the degree of fragmentation. Following a survey of recent studies into the fragmentation of the countryside, at both federal and state levels, the paper focuses for illustration on the federal state of Saxony and lays out the findings of studies tracing the development of landscape fragmentation from 1930 to the present day, as well as offering a prognosis for 2020. For both Saxony and its neighbouring states, the question at issue was whether, and in what ways, the protected asset referred to as “non-fragmented open spaces” has been adopted within plans at the levels of regional and state-level planning. The paper offers an overview of the current state of discussion on the inclusion of the issue of landscape fragmentation in planning instruments and points to developments currently in process

CRPropa 3.0 - a Public Framework for Propagating UHE Cosmic Rays through Galactic and Extragalactic Space

The interpretation of experimental data of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) above 10^17 eV is still under controversial debate. The development and improvement of numerical tools to propagate UHECRs in galactic and extragalactic space is a crucial ingredient to interpret data and to draw conclusions on astrophysical parameters. In this contribution the next major release of the publicly available code CRPropa (3.0) is presented. It reflects a complete redesign of the code structure to facilitate high performance computing and comprises new physical features such as an interface for galactic propagation using lensing techniques and inclusion of cosmological effects in a three-dimensional environment. The performance is benchmarked and first applications are presented.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2-9 July 201

An IMERG-Based Optimal Extended Probabilistic Climatology (EPC) as a Benchmark Ensemble Forecast for Precipitation in the Tropics and Subtropics

Current numerical weather prediction models show limited skill in predicting low-latitude precipitation. To aid future improvements, be it with better dynamical or statistical models, we propose a well-defined benchmark forecast. We use the arguably best available high-resolution, gauge-calibrated, gridded precipitation product, the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) “final run” in a ±15-day window around the date of interest to build an empirical climatological ensemble forecast. This window size is an optimal compromise between statistical robustness and flexibility to represent seasonal changes. We refer to this benchmark as extended probabilistic climatology (EPC) and compute it on a 0.1° × 0.1° grid for 40°S–40°N and the period 2001–19. To reduce and standardize information, a mixed Bernoulli–Gamma distribution is fitted to the empirical EPC, which hardly affects predictive performance. The EPC is then compared to 1-day ensemble predictions from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) using standard verification scores. With respect to rainfall amount, ECMWF performs only slightly better than EPS over most of the low latitudes and worse over high-mountain and dry oceanic areas as well as over tropical Africa, where the lack of skill is also evident in independent station data. For rainfall occurrence, EPC is superior over most oceanic, coastal, and mountain regions, although the better potential predictive ability of ECMWF indicates that this is mostly due to calibration problems. To encourage the use of the new benchmark, we provide the data, scripts, and an interactive web tool to the scientific community

Development and deployment of a precision underwater positioning system for in situ laser Raman spectroscopy in the deep ocean

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 52 (2005): 2376-2389, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.09.002.The field of ocean geochemistry has recently been expanded to include in situ laser Raman spectroscopic measurements in the deep ocean. While this technique has proved to be successful for transparent targets, such as fluids and gases, difficulty exists in using deep submergence vehicle manipulators to position and control the very small laser spot with respect to opaque samples of interest, such as many rocks, minerals, bacterial mats, and seafloor gas hydrates. We have developed, tested, and successfully deployed by remotely operated vehicle (ROV) a precision underwater positioner (PUP) which provides the stability and precision movement required to perform spectroscopic measurements using the Deep Ocean In Situ Spectrometer (DORISS) instrument on opaque targets in the deep ocean for geochemical research. The positioner is also adaptable to other sensors, such as electrodes, which require precise control and positioning on the seafloor. PUP is capable of translating the DORISS optical head with a precision of 0.1 mm in three dimensions over a range of at least 15 cm, at depths up to 4000 m, and under the normal range of oceanic conditions (T, P, current velocity). The positioner is controlled, and spectra are obtained, in real time via Ethernet by scientists aboard the surface vessel. This capability has allowed us to acquire high quality Raman spectra of targets such as rocks, shells, and gas hydrates on the seafloor, including the ability to scan the laser spot across a rock surface in sub-millimeter increments to identify the constituent mineral grains. These developments have greatly enhanced the ability to obtain in situ Raman spectra on the seafloor from an enormous range of specimens.Funding was provided by a grant to MBARI from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation

Role of C‐X‐C chemokines as regulators of angiogenesis in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy‐related mortality in the U.S. and is predicted to increase over the remainder of this decade. Despite attempts to advance early diagnosis and use combination therapies, the clinical response of this cancer yields an overall 5‐year survival rate of less than 15%. Clearly, new strategies for therapy are indicated. Although carcinogenesis is complex, tumor growth beyond 1–2 mm3 is dependent on angiogenesis. One of the potential mechanisms that allows for tumorigenesis is dysregulation of the balance of angiogenic and angiostatic factors that favors net neovascularization within the primary tumor. Numerous studies have investigated the role of a variety of molecules in the regulation of angiogenesis. Recently, interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), a member of the C‐X‐C chemokine family, has been found to be an angiogenic factor. In contrast, platelet factor 4 (PF4), another C‐X‐C chemokine, has been shown to have angiostatic properties. It is interesting that the major structural difference between IL‐8 and PF4 is the presence of the NH2‐terminal ELR (Glu‐Leu‐Arg) motif that precedes the first cysteine amino acid residue of IL‐8 and is important in ligand/receptor interactions. We hypothesize that angiogenesis associated with tumorigenesis is dependent on members of the C‐X‐C chemokine family acting as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors. This paradigm predicts that the biological balance in the expression of these C‐X‐C chemokines dictates whether the neoplasm grows and develops metastatic potential or regresses. In this review we discuss our recent laboratory findings that support this contention and suggest that further elucidation of the biology of C‐X‐C chemokines in the context of neovascularization of nonsmall cell lung cancer will permit novel targeted therapy aimed specifically at attenuating tumor growth and metastasis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 752–762; 1995.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141888/1/jlb0752.pd