A Measure of Obesity: BMI versus Subcutaneous Fat Patterns in Young Athletes and Nonathletes

Although the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) is widely used as a surrogate measure of adiposity, it is a measure of excess weight, rather than excess body fat, relative to height. The BMI classification system is derived from cut points obtained from the general population. The influence of large muscle mass on BMI in athletes and young adults may misclassify these individuals as overweight and obese. Therefore, the use of subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top) may be more effective than BMI in assessing obesity in physically active people and young adults. The purposes of this study were 1) to describe the relationship between the BMI and SAT-Top of young athletes and nonathletes, and 2) to determine the accuracy of the BMI as a measure of overweight. Height, weight, BMI and SAT-Top were determined in 64 males (25.0±6.7) and 42 females (24.8±7.0), who were subsequently separated into two even groups (athletes and nonathletes). The optical Lipometer device was applied to measure the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT).While BMI was similar, male athletes showed a 50.3% lower total SAT thickness compared to their male nonathlete controls. Even though female athletes had significantly higher BMI and weight scores, their total SAT thickness was 34.9% lower than their nonathlete controls. These results suggest subcutaneous fat patterns are a better screening tool to characterize fatness in physically active young people

Subcutaneous Fat Patterns in Type-2 Diabetic Men and Healthy Controls

The optical device LIPOMETER enables the non-invasive, quick, and save determination of the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue layers at any given site of the human body. The specification of 15 evenly distributed body sites allows the precise measurement of subcutaneous body fat distribution, so-called subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top). In the present paper we focus on SAT-Top of male type-2 diabetes patients (N=21), describing very precisely their special SAT development and their SAT-Top deviation from a healthy control group (N=111), applying factor analysis and ROC curves. Factor analysis revealed three independent subcutaneous body fat compartments, which can be summarised as »upper body«, »lower trunk« and »legs«. The upper body SAT-Top is much more pronounced in diabetic men compared to their healthy controls (p<0.001). Furthermore, high diagnostic power by ROC curve analysis was achieved by different measurement sites of the upper body and summary measures of upper body obesity (sum2, which is the sum of neck and biceps, provides: area index = 0.86, sensitivity = 81 %, specificity = 90.1 %, at an optimal cutoff value of 18.8 mm), ascribing a higher diabetes probability to subjects with a more upper body SAT-Top pattern. Calculating new ROC curves for diabetic patients with HBA1C values >8 (N=17) and their healthy controls (N=111) we received improved discrimination power for several SAT-Top body sites, especially for sum2, showing an area index of 0.91, a sensitivity of 94.1 %, and a specificity of 90.1 % at the optimal cutoff value of 18.8 mm. Concluding, the exact and complete description of the especial type 2 diabetic SAT pattern, which differs strongly from the SAT-Top of healthy controls, suggests the LIPOMETER technique combined with advanced statistical methods such as factor analysis and ROC curve analysis as a possible detecting tool for this disease

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Topography in Long-Term Enterally Fed Children and Healthy Controls

In the context of enteral feeding in children the influence on growth and the question of fat resorption is of great interest. We, therefore, measured the thickness of subcutaneous body fat in a sample of long-term enterally fed toddlers and healthy controls. In 33 long-term enterally fed toddlers (10 girls, 23 boys) and 275 healthy controls (128 girls, 147 boys) subcutaneous body fat was measured by means of the optical device Lipometer. All participants were divided into three age groups (infants, toddlers, children). The height (p=0.014, -11.7 cm, -12.5%) and weight (p=0.012, -3.0 kg, -21.9%) of long-term enterally fed female toddlers were significantly lower than healthy controls, while male enterally fed toddlers had lower values in all anthropometric measures compared to healthy controls: height (p=0.003, -8.0 cm, -8.4%), weight (p<0.001, -3.5 kg, -24.8%), BMI (p=0.004, -1.3 BMI), Z-score BMI (p=0.001, -1.2 Z-score BMI), upper arm circumference (p<0.001, -1.6 cm, -10.1%) and waist circumference (p<0.001, -6.2 cm, -12.5%). Tube fed toddlers showed a similar body fat distribution when compared to healthy controls, but demonstrated significantly lower values of anthropometric measurements. The results indicate that long-term enterally fed children have ample fat stores but lack physical development

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Topography in Long-Term Enterally Fed Children and Healthy Controls

In the context of enteral feeding in children the influence on growth and the question of fat resorption is of great interest. We, therefore, measured the thickness of subcutaneous body fat in a sample of long-term enterally fed toddlers and healthy controls. In 33 long-term enterally fed toddlers (10 girls, 23 boys) and 275 healthy controls (128 girls, 147 boys) subcutaneous body fat was measured by means of the optical device Lipometer. All participants were divided into three age groups (infants, toddlers, children). The height (p=0.014, -11.7 cm, -12.5%) and weight (p=0.012, -3.0 kg, -21.9%) of long-term enterally fed female toddlers were significantly lower than healthy controls, while male enterally fed toddlers had lower values in all anthropometric measures compared to healthy controls: height (p=0.003, -8.0 cm, -8.4%), weight (p<0.001, -3.5 kg, -24.8%), BMI (p=0.004, -1.3 BMI), Z-score BMI (p=0.001, -1.2 Z-score BMI), upper arm circumference (p<0.001, -1.6 cm, -10.1%) and waist circumference (p<0.001, -6.2 cm, -12.5%). Tube fed toddlers showed a similar body fat distribution when compared to healthy controls, but demonstrated significantly lower values of anthropometric measurements. The results indicate that long-term enterally fed children have ample fat stores but lack physical development

Estimating DXA Total Body Fat Percentage by Lipometer Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Thicknesses

DXA is an accepted reference method to estimate body composition. However several difficulties in the applicability exist. The equipment is rather expensive, not portable, impractical for measurement of big study populations and it provides a minimal amount of ionizing radiation exposure. The optical device Lipometer (EU Pat.No. 0516251) provides non-invasive, quick, precise and safe measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) layer thicknesses at any site of the human body. Compared to DXA there are some advantages in the Lipometer approach, because this device is portable, quick, not expensive and no radiation is involved. To use these advantages in the field of total body fat% (TBF%) assessment, an acceptable estimation of DXA TBF% by Lipometer SAT thicknesses is necessary, which was the aim of this study. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, DXA TBF% and Lipometer SAT thicknesses at fifteen defined body sites were measured in 28 healthy men (age: 33.9 ± 16.6 years) and 52 healthy women (age: 40.1 ± 10.7 years). To estimate Lipometer TBF% stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied, using DXA TBF% as dependent variable. Using the fifteen Lipometer SAT thicknesses together with age, height, weight and BMI as independent variables provided the best estimations of Lipometer TBF% for both genders with strong correlations to DXA TBF% (R=0.985 for males and R=0.953 for females). The limits of agreement were –2.48% to +2.48% for males and –4.28% to +4.28% for females. For both genders we received a bias of 0.00%. The results of this paper extend the abilities of the Lipometer by a precise estimation of TBF% using DXA as »golden standard«

Auswirkungen eines Echtzeit-Feedbackgerätes auf die Qualität der Herzdruckmassage von professionellen Helfern am Reanimationsmodell

Durch Einsatz von Echtzeitfeedback kann die Qualität der Basismaßnahmen verbessert werden. Durch diese randomisierte und prospektive Untersuchung wurde am Reanimationsmodell der zeitlich differenzierte Effekt von Echtzeitfeedback auf die Kardiokompressionsqualität während einer prolongierten Reanimationssituation (10 Minuten) bei 83 professionellen Helfern untersucht. Es konnte eine signifikante Steigerung der vollständig korrekten Kardiokompressionen von durchschnittlich 53 % auf 87% durch Einsatz von QCPR$^{TM}$ gezeigt werden (p-Wert <0.001). (IRR = 2.23). Durch QCPR$^{TM}$ konnte eine Abnahme der Kardiokompressionsqualität im Zeitverlauf von 10 Minuten effektiv verhindert werden. Die Probanden benötigten einen Eingewöhnungszeitraum an die Reanimation mit initial schlechterer Kardiokompression. Ohne QCPR$^{TM}$ trat nach 2 Minuten ein Qualitätsverlust der Kardiokompression auf

Design and Implementation of Different Control System Architectures for Agile Manufacturing Cells

Abweichender Titel nach Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersProduktionsbetriebe sind mit einem zunehmend wechselhaften Umfeld konfrontiert. Schwankende Marktsituationen und der Bedarf an individuellen Produkten erfordern eine hohe Produktvielfalt und Kleinserien bei gleichzeitig geringen Stückkosten. Während zur Beherrschung der unterschiedlichen Erzeugnisse oft Flexible Fertigungssysteme (FFS) zum Einsatz kommen, sollen Agile Fertigungssysteme hingegen die Schwankungen im Auftragsvolumen abfedern. Beide Konzepte haben den Nachteil, dass die Schnittstellen zwischen den Maschinen oft unflexibel programmiert sind, wodurch sich ein erheblicher Aufwand und Zeitverlust bei der Automatisierung ergeben. Derzeit gibt es sehr viele Bestrebungen, die Schnittstellen zwischen den Maschinen zu vereinheitlichen und zu standardisieren (z. B. durch Companion Specifications bei Open PlatformCommunications Unified Architecture (OPC UA)), es fehlt jedoch an Möglichkeiten, die Integration zu vereinfachen. Ein Ansatz zur Beherrschung von vergleichbaren Problemen in der Softwareentwicklung findet sich durch die Verwendung von Services, insbesondere durch Serviceorientierte Architektur (SOA). Diese Arbeit verwendet einen serviceorientierten Ansatz zur Entwicklung von Lösungen. Durch die Bereitstellung von Services soll der Aufwand bei Anpassungen oder Ergänzungen im Produktionsablauf reduziert werden. Ziel ist die Konzipierung von Agilen Steuerungsarchitekturen für Fertigungszellen und die anschließende Umsetzung auf zwei konkrete Szenarien in der Praxis. Ausgangspunkt sind Fertigungszellen zur zerspanenden Fertigung, bestehend aus einer Werkzeugmaschine (WZM) und einem Industrieroboter zur Werkstückhandhabung. Der Ablauf der automatisierten Werkstückhandhabung wird analysiert und anschließend zu zwei Automatisierungs-Konzepten ausgearbeitet. Das erste Konzept nutzt eine Speicherprogrammierbare Steuerung (SPS) als Kommunikations-Schnittstelle zwischen den Maschinen sowie zur Bereitstellung der Services, das zweite stellt die Services direkt auf den Maschinen bereit. Für die Umsetzung der Konzepte in der Praxis werden die bestehenden Anlagen analysiert und die Funktionalität entsprechend den Anforderungen angepasst und erweitert. Kriterien für die Bewertung der Architekturkonzepte werden angegeben und die unterschiedlichen Fälle verglichen. Es wird gezeigt, dass serviceorientierte Konzepte in Fertigungszellen implementiert werden können und die Agilität dadurch deutlich erhöht werden kann. Der initiale Aufwand zur Bereitstellung der Services ist höher, kann aber durch Standardisierung und Implementierung durch die Maschinenhersteller selbst reduziert werden.Manufacturing companies are faced with an increasingly variable environment. Fluctuating market situations and the demand of individual products require high product variety and small batches at low unit costs. Whereas flexible manufacturing systems are applied to handle variable goods, agile manufacturing systems should damp fluctuating order volumes. The disadvantage of both concepts are inflexibly programmed interfaces between machines, leading to enormous effort and time loss when automating. Nowadays there are many attempts to unify and standardize the interfaces between the machines (e. g. Companion Specifications of OPC UA), but there is a lack of possibilities to simplify integration processes. One attempt to solve comparable problems in software development is the usage of services, especially service-orientated architecture.This thesis uses a service-orientated attempt to develop solutions. Through the provision of services, the effort for adaptions and additions in the production process should be reduced. The aim is the conception of agile control architectures for manufacturing cells and the subsequent implementation on two practice scenarios. The starting point are manufacturing cells for machining purposes consisting of one machine tool and one industrial robot for workpiece handling. The sequence of the automated workpiece handling is analysed and further developed into two automation concepts. The first concept uses a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as communication interface between the machines as well as a service platform. The second concept provides the services directly on the machines. For the implementation of the concepts in practice, the existing systems are analysed and the functionality is adapted and expanded to fit the requirements. Criteria for evaluation of the architecture concepts are given and the different cases are compared. It is shown that service-orientated concepts can be implemented in manufacturing cells and that they can significantly improve agility. The initial effort to provide the services is higher but can be reduced through standardization and implementation by machine manufacturers.6

Nachweise neuer und wenig bekannter Bienenarten aus Salzburg (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). 2. Beitrag

Rupp, Thomas, Wallner, Walter, Schlager, Martin, Neumayer, Johann (2020): Nachweise neuer und wenig bekannter Bienenarten aus Salzburg (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). 2. Beitrag. Linzer biologische Beiträge 52 (1): 567-57