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Dracula on film: A psychohistoricist study
This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonThis thesis examines selected iterations of Dracula in order to investigate the psychohistoricist
cultural resonance of the character as established and continually reaffirmed by the film cycles
that he inhabits. Draculaβs continued pervasion of Western culture is argued to be due to the
intersectionality of the intrinsic (psychological and emotive) responses of and extrinsic
(historical resonances and sociocultural milieu) cues affecting viewers. The critical analysis of
film in this thesis is based on psychohistoricism as a conflated analytical paradigm drawing
upon the dynamic between historicism and psychoanalysis as applied to film. Historicism as
posited in this context assumes that every expressive act is embedded in a network of material
practices within which filmic texts circulate inseparably, and that no discourse within that
network (imaginative or archival) gives access to unchanging truths nor expresses inalterable
human nature. The intention is not to locate the film cycles of the Dracula canon as directly
causal or symptomatic of contemporaneous sociocultural shifts, or the psychological tensions
that underpin them, but to view them as reflective of the liminal spatial interplay between filmas-
art, the psychosocial milieu, the concomitant evolution of psychoanalysis, and
historiography via a process of inductive thematic content analysis. Dracula is a resilient and
recurrent cultural property that has inhabited the roles of hero, anti-hero and villain, and is
idolised, loved, vilified and hated, as a multifaceted perennial narrative focus. Draculaβs
cinematic cycles can be argued to be a cultural barometer, reflecting the culture we create and
recreate
Progressive changes in the properties of bone during soft tissue decomposition
Changes in bone characteristics during soft tissue putrefaction were investigated over 140
days, equating to between 638 and 1450 cumulative cooling degree days (CCDD)
depending on ambient temperature using a porcine experimental model in surface and
burial depositions. The hypothesis that changes observed in bone characteristics during
soft tissue putrefaction could be utilised for possible forensic applications was proved.
Human bones were tested for comparison. The techniques used were colorimetric
analysis of staining, measurement of micro-crack lengths (in the order of 0.1 to 1.0 mm)
on fractured bone surfaces under scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectroscopy elemental profiling, thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA), zoological mass spectrometry profiling non-collagenous peptide content, and
Vickers hardness testing. The findings pertaining to the experimental porcine bone
samples were as follows. Stain colour did not equalise between periosteal and fractured
cortical bone surfaces. The fracture is widely considered perimortem if said surfaces are
homogeneous in colour and postmortem if different. Observed inconsistences in colour
change limit the potential of this technique as a potential forensic test of postmortem
interval (PMI). After 28 CCDD, shorter intersecting micro-cracks changed to longer
linear micro-cracks tracking lamellae. A longitudinal to tangential Vickers hardness (HV)
ratio of 1.5 to 1 associated with minimal decomposition indicated 250 CCDD or less
elapsed. The same ratio associated with marked decomposition indicated 1450 CCDD or
more elapsed. A ratio of less than 1:1 indicated 250 to 1450 CCDD. Decreases in iron,
sodium and potassium concentrations associated with tissue fluids can determine if bone
is in the early stages of decomposition. TGA correlation of water loss between 22 and
100ΛC with observed changes in micro-crack lengths, HV, and elemental profiles
suggested progressive dehydration as the underlying common factor. These techniques
demonstrated some potential to be developed as forensic tests of PMI. As no correlation
with PMI was evident with proteomic profiling of non-collagenous peptides, no such
potential was demonstrated
Progressive dehydration in decomposing bone: a potential tool for forensic anthropology
The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether collagen and/or water content of bone vary during soft tissue putrefaction by thermogravimetric analysis with a view to eventually developing a possible forensic application to determine post-mortem interval. Porcine bone decomposed in a shallow burial showed an approximate difference in average mass loss of 15 βΒ±β8% when heated between 22 and 100 Β°C, compared to 14 Β± 3% for porcine bone decomposed in a surface deposition, equating to water loss. Mass loss showed peaks at 0, 250β500 and 1200β1500 cumulative cooling degree daysβ (CCDD) deposition for the experimental porcine bone. Should these measurements prove consistent in future studies on a wider variety of porcine and eventually human skeletal elements, they may have potential to be corroborated with other data when determining post-mortem interval, especially with disarticulated bones. A downward trend in mass loss was apparent within shallow burial and surface deposition scenarios (inclusive of freeze-dried controls) for the thermolysis of collagen (and other proteins) between 220 and 650 Β°C during thermogravimetric analysis. This was inconsistent within the time frame examined (0β1450 cumulative cooling degree days), and so demonstrates less potential as an indicator of post-mortem interval during soft tissue putrefaction
Beyond a warming fingerprint: individualistic biogeographic responses to heterogeneous climate change in California.
Understanding recent biogeographic responses to climate change is fundamental for improving our predictions of likely future responses and guiding conservation planning at both local and global scales. Studies of observed biogeographic responses to 20th century climate change have principally examined effects related to ubiquitous increases in temperature - collectively termed a warming fingerprint. Although the importance of changes in other aspects of climate - particularly precipitation and water availability - is widely acknowledged from a theoretical standpoint and supported by paleontological evidence, we lack a practical understanding of how these changes interact with temperature to drive biogeographic responses. Further complicating matters, differences in life history and ecological attributes may lead species to respond differently to the same changes in climate. Here, we examine whether recent biogeographic patterns across California are consistent with a warming fingerprint. We describe how various components of climate have changed regionally in California during the 20th century and review empirical evidence of biogeographic responses to these changes, particularly elevational range shifts. Many responses to climate change do not appear to be consistent with a warming fingerprint, with downslope shifts in elevation being as common as upslope shifts across a number of taxa and many demographic and community responses being inconsistent with upslope shifts. We identify a number of potential direct and indirect mechanisms for these responses, including the influence of aspects of climate change other than temperature (e.g., the shifting seasonal balance of energy and water availability), differences in each taxon's sensitivity to climate change, trophic interactions, and land-use change. Finally, we highlight the need to move beyond a warming fingerprint in studies of biogeographic responses by considering a more multifaceted view of climate, emphasizing local-scale effects, and including a priori knowledge of relevant natural history for the taxa and regions under study
Better working memory for non-social targets in infant siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
We compared working memory (WM) for location of social vs. non-social targets in infant siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (sibs-ASD, n=25) and typically developing children (sibs-TD, n=30) at 6.5 and 9 months of age. There was a significant interaction of risk group and target-type on WM, in which the sibs-ASD had better WM for non-social targets as compared to controls. There was no group by stimulus interaction on two non-memory measures. The results suggest that the increased competency of sibs-ASD in WM (creating, updating, and using transient representations) for non-social stimuli distinguishes them from sibs-TD by 9 months of age. This early emerging strength is discussed as a developmental pathway that may have implications for social attention and learning in children at risk for ASD
Crystal Structure of UBA2ufd-Ubc9: Insights into E1-E2 Interactions in Sumo Pathways
Canonical ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) such as ubiquitin, Sumo, NEDD8, and ISG15 are ligated to targets by E1-E2-E3 multienzyme cascades. The Sumo cascade, conserved among all eukaryotes, regulates numerous biological processes including protein localization, transcription, DNA replication, and mitosis. Sumo conjugation is initiated by the heterodimeric Aos1-Uba2 E1 enzyme (in humans called Sae1-Uba2), which activates Sumo's C-terminus, binds the dedicated E2 enzyme Ubc9, and promotes Sumo C-terminal transfer between the Uba2 and Ubc9 catalytic cysteines. To gain insights into details of E1-E2 interactions in the Sumo pathway, we determined crystal structures of the C-terminal ubiquitin fold domain (ufd) from yeast Uba2 (Uba2ufd), alone and in complex with Ubc9. The overall structures of both yeast Uba2ufd and Ubc9 superimpose well on their individual human counterparts, suggesting conservation of fundamental features of Sumo conjugation. Docking the Uba2ufd-Ubc9 and prior full-length human Uba2 structures allows generation of models for steps in Sumo transfer from Uba2 to Ubc9, and supports the notion that Uba2 undergoes remarkable conformational changes during the reaction. Comparisons to previous structures from the NEDD8 cascade demonstrate that UBL cascades generally utilize some parallel E1-E2 interaction surfaces. In addition, the structure of the Uba2ufd-Ubc9 complex reveals interactions unique to Sumo E1 and E2. Comparison with a previous Ubc9-E3 complex structure demonstrates overlap between Uba2 and E3 binding sites on Ubc9, indicating that loading with Sumo and E3-catalyzed transfer to substrates are strictly separate steps. The results suggest mechanisms establishing specificity and order in Sumo conjugation cascades
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