Histomorphometric analysis of the trabecular bone parameters in the femur.

*<p>indicates main effect of sex (p<0.05);</p>#<p>indicates p<0.05 for within-sex comparisons (sedentary <i>vs.</i> trained animals).</p

General characteristics of the animals.

*<p>indicates main effect of sex (p<0.0001);</p>#<p>indicates p<0.05 for within-sex comparisons with both the initial values and with the final speed of the sedentary animals.</p

Illustrative bone histological characteristics of sedentary and trained animals.

<p><u>1A–1D. Undecalcified Bone</u>: Characteristic light microscopy aspects of trabecular bone (femoral metaphysis). Toluidine blue staining showing an increase in the trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) in the trained animals (B and D) compared with their sedentary counterparts (A and C). The epiphyseal growth plate is indicated by arrows. Histomorphometric analyses were performed at 195 µm under the epiphyseal growth plate (Magnification, x40). <u>1E–1H. Double oxytetracycline labeling</u>: Characteristic fluorescent light microscopy of undecalcified bone (femoral metaphysis). Unstained bone sections under UV light of the sedentary (E and G) and trained (F and H) animals. Single and double labels are indicated by the single and double arrows, respectively. By quantifying the distance between the oxytetracycline double-labels, we observed that the trained males (H) presented a greater mineral apposition rate (MAR) than the sedentary males (G) and trained females (F). By evaluating the percentage of the trabecular bone surface that was double-labeled, we calculated the bone formation rate (BFR/BS), which was increased only in the trained males (H) (Magnification, x250). Details of the histomorphometric results can be found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064725#pone-0064725-t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>.</p

Low-sodium diet induces atherogenesis regardless of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive hyperlipidemic mice - Fig 5

<p>Histomorphometric analysis of immunofluorescence-stained AT1 receptor (<b>A</b> segments I and II; <b>B</b> segments III and IV), and vascular injury quantified by a histomorphometric analysis of immunofluorescence-stained CML (<b>C</b> segments I and II; <b>D</b> segments III and IV) and RAGE (<b>E</b> segments I and II; <b>F</b> segments III and IV); data are represented as the mean percentage of the total positively stained area of the aortic arch cross-sections; n = 4 mice per group. ^a <i>P</i> < 0.05, hypertensive mice fed a normal-sodium diet (H-NS) <i>vs</i> hypertensive mice fed a low-sodium diet (H-LS), Mann Whitney test. ^b <i>P</i> < 0.05, Kruskal Wallis with Dunn’s post hoc test applied for comparisons among LS groups.</p

Mean linear intercept (Lm) values measured in all S and PPE groups (A) and photomicrographs of mice lung parenchyma (B and C).

<p>A) *p = 0,021; ^#p<0.001; **p = 0.003; ^§p<0.001; all compared to respective Control group (S). Values are means and SD. B) Photomicrographs of lung parenchyma in S groups at all protocol times. C) Photomicrographs of lung parenchyma in PPE groups at all protocol times. There was an increase in Lm in the PPE groups compared to their respective S controls. (400X magnification, hematoxylin-eosin staining). D) Mean linear intercept (Lm) values measured in Control group (S) and inactive PPE groups. Values are means and SD.</p

The PMN density values are shown in all protocol groups (values as the means and SD).

<p>There was an increase in PMN density in parenchyma in PPE groups compared to respective Control groups in 1h (* p< 0.001), 3 h (* p<0.001), 6 h (* p = 0.008) and 3 d (*p = 0.015).</p

Volume proportion of elastin (A) and fibrillin (B) are shown in all protocol groups (values as the means and SD).

<p>A) Elastin: *p = 0.014 compared to respective S group and ^#p = 0.012 compared to respective S group. B) Fibrillin: There was no significant difference in any of PPE groups compared to their respective S groups.</p

Description and sequences of the genes selected for the study.

<p>NM: NCBI accession number; TRAP: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.</p

mRNA expression of COL I (panel A) and TRAP (panel B) (data are expressed as the mean and SEM).

<p><b>*</b>indicates p<0.05 when compared with their sedentary counterparts (within-sex comparisons).</p

Summary of the sex-specific exercise-induced changes in bone-related general characteristics, and mechanical, histomorphometric, and molecular parameters.

<p>The “within-sex” column indicates the differences induced by exercise training either in female or male rats. The “between-sex” column indicates the differences in sex irrespective of training (i.e. main effect of sex).</p