ミトコンドリア DNA ハプロタイプ ブンセキ ニ ヨル グンマケン ツキノワグマ シュウダン ノ イデンテキ タヨウセイ

日本国内でツキノワグマ(Ursus thibetanus)は本州,四国に生息し,現在5地域の個体群が絶滅の恐れのある地域集団とされている。群馬県でもツキノワグマが生息しているが,その捕獲頭数を定めた群馬県ツキノワグマ適正管理計画は,地域集団の構成を考慮しないまま実施されており,このままでは絶滅を招く危険性をはらんでいる。このことから,ツキノワグマの適切な保全を考慮した農林業被害等の防止対策を実施することが,希少野生動物とともに暮らす地域にとって重要な課題といえる。そこで本研究は群馬県ツキノワグマの遺伝的多様性を明らかにするため,群馬県で捕獲されたツキノワグマ30個体のミトコンドリアDNA D-loop領域706bpの配列を決定し,ハプロタイプ分析を行った。その結果,群馬県のツキノワグマから6つのハプロタイプを同定した。これらは先行研究により東日本に生息するツキノワグマで同定された38ハプロタイプのうち,E01, E06, E10, E11, E31, E34に該当した。ハプロタイプの地理的分布および集団構造解析から,群馬県では南西部集団,中之条集団,北東部集団の3集団が存在する可能性が示唆された。群馬県中央部から南東部にかけては平野が広がっており,ツキノワグマの生息は確認されていない。よって群馬県のツキノワグマ3集団は群馬県の西から東へ南西部集団,中之条集団,北東部集団の順に並んで存在していると思われる。つまり,中之条集団の西側で南西部集団と分かれる境界線があり,東側で北東部集団と分かれる境界線が本研究によって想定された。これらは適正管理計画のもとで人為的に設定された地域個体群(越後・三国地域個体群と関東山地個体群)とは異なる境界分布を示しており,今後ツキノワグマの自然集団を繁栄した適切な保全計画を実施するためにも現在の分布境界線を見直していく必要があることを本研究は提唱する。Asiatic black bears living in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, have been divided into two populations (Echigo-Mikuni and Kanto mountain populations) based on the Asiatic Black Bear Population Management Plan. This management plan puts a ceiling on the number of bears captured in each population. However, for convenience, division of the two populations is based on an administrative boundary, and does not represent the natural population structure of this species in Gunma. Accordingly, to clarify the population structure of the species in Gunma, we performed mitochondrial haplotype analysis using 30 individuals captured in the prefecture. We identified six haplotypes, which corresponded to the haplotypes previously discovered in this species in eastern Japan. On the basis of the geographical distribution of the haplotypes and population structure analyses, we suggest that three populations of Asiatic black bear exist in Gunma Prefecture : the Southwestern, Nakanojo, and Northeastern populations. The Nakanojo population appears to be relatively small and genetically unique in Gunma. We identified two borders among these populations. One is situated between the Southwestern and Nakanojo populations, and the second is situated between the Nakanojo and Northeastern populations. These borders clearly differ from the single border drawn between the Echigo-Mikuni and Kanto mountain populations. We conclude that the current management plan does not reflect the natural population structure of these bears and suggest a revision of the plan based on the existence of three discrete populations

日本オリンピック委員会における情報戦略活動

This study summarizes the outline of the ststematic information strategy activities done by Japan Olympic Committee(JOC), which aims to achieve success in the international competitions such as the Olympics. This study shows the things mentioned below: 1) JOC systematically tackles the improvement of international competitiveness, using the word "information strategy" officially. 2) JOC s core organization to tackle the improvement of international competitiveness is "information strategy section" which works as a substructure of the Information and Medical Science Special Committee. 3) "Information strategy section" is a section entrusted as a think-tank for JOC\u27s improvement of international competitiveness. 4) The main roles of "information strategy section" should be to (1) analyze the actual situation (2) make and propose a plan (3) check and evaluate (4) provide information (5) support NF

Intracellular Phospholipase A1 and Acyltransferase, Which Are Involved in Caenorhabditis elegans Stem Cell Divisions, Determine the sn-1 Fatty Acyl Chain of Phosphatidylinositol

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is unique in the abundance of stearic acid at the sn-1 position. This fatty acid is thought to be incorporated through fatty acid remodeling. Here, we identified a phospholipase and acyltransferases involved in the fatty acid remodeling at the sn-1 position of PI and provide a link between the sn-1 fatty acid of PI and asymmetric cell division

Evaluating the Phylogenetic Status of the Extinct Japanese Otter on the Basis of Mitochondrial Genome Analysis

<div><p>The Japanese otter lived throughout four main Japanese islands, but it has not been observed in the wild since 1979 and was declared extinct in 2012. Although recent taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that it should be treated as an independent species, International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List considers it as subspecies of <i>Lutra lutra</i>. Therefore, the taxonomic status of this species needs to be resolved. Here we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of two Japanese otters caught in Kanagawa and Kochi prefectures and five Eurasian otters (<i>L</i>. <i>lutra</i>). We reconstructed a molecular phylogenetic tree to estimate the phylogenetic position of the Japanese otter in Lutrinae using the Japanese otters and the other 11 Lutrinae species on the basis of <i>ND5</i> (692 bp) and cytochrome <i>b</i> (1,140 bp) sequences. We observed that the two Japanese otters had close relationships with Eurasian otters, forming a monophyletic group (100% bootstrap probability). To elucidate detailed phylogenetic relationships among the Japanese and Eurasian otters, we reconstructed a maximum likelihood tree according to mitochondrial genome sequences (14,740 bp). The Japanese otter (JO1) collected in Kanagawa was deeply nested in the Eurasian otter clade, whereas the Japanese otter (JO2) collected in Kochi formed a distinct independent lineage in the <i>Lutra</i> clade. The estimated molecular divergences time for the ancestral lineages of the Japanese otters was 0.10 Ma (95%: 0.06–0.16 Ma) and 1.27 Ma (95%: 0.98–1.59 Ma) for JO1 and JO2 lineages, respectively. Thus, JO1 was identified as a member of <i>L</i>. <i>lutra</i>; JO2 represented the old Japanese otter lineage, which may be a distinct new species or subspecies of <i>Lutra</i>. We suggest that the ancestral population of the JO2 lineage migrated to Japan via the land bridge that existed between western Japanese islands and Asian continent at 1.27 Ma.</p></div

Phylogenetic tree for Lutrinae based on the partial mtDNA together with the <i>L</i>. <i>nippon</i> (Ehime).

<p>This ML tree was based on the partial <i>ND5</i> gene (692 bp) and complete <i>cytb</i> gene (1,134 bp) dataset, which included the <i>L</i>. <i>nippon</i> (Ehime) sequence (224 bp) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149341#pone.0149341.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>]. This tree was estimated using the GTR+Γ+I model. Numbered boxes denote nodes. The nodal number indicates the BP value. BP was estimated on the basis of 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The evolutionary constraints on the nucleotide substitutions must differ between the first, second, and third codon positions; therefore, we specified partitions for each region. OTUs without localities are previously reported data (Koepfli and Wayne [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149341#pone.0149341.ref001" target="_blank">1</a>]; Koepfli et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149341#pone.0149341.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>]). Data for <i>L</i>. <i>lutra</i> (South Korea) is FJ236015.</p

Phylogenetic tree of Eurasian and Japanese otters based on the mtGenome.

<p>The ML tree based on the mtGenome comprised 14,740 bp (tRNAs = 1,488 bp, rRNAs = 2,532 bp, and protein-coding genes = 10,720 bp). This tree was estimated using the GTR+Γ+I model. Numbered boxes denote nodes. The nodal number indicates the BP value. BP was estimated on the basis of 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The evolutionary constraints on nucleotide substitutions must differ between the first, second, and third codon positions as well as between tRNA and rRNA. Therefore, we specified partitions for each region. Data for the <i>E</i>. <i>lutris</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>lutra</i> (South Korea) were reported previously NC_009692 and FJ236015, respectively.</p

Origins of the Eurasian and Japanese otters used in this study.

<p>Origins of the Eurasian and Japanese otters used in this study.</p