A Survey of Scale Insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) Occurring on Table Grapes in South Africa

Increasing international trade and tourism have led to an increase in the introduction of exotic pests that pose a considerable economic threat to the agro-ecosystems of importing countries. Scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) may be contaminants of export consignments from the South African deciduous fruit industry to the European Union, Israel, United Kingdom and the United States, for example. Infestations of immature scale insects found on South African fruit destined for export have resulted in increasing rates of rejection of such consignments. To identify the risk posed by scale insect species listed as phytosanitary pests on table grapes to the abovementioned importing countries, a field survey was undertaken in 2004–2005 in vineyards throughout all grape-producing regions in South Africa. Coccoidea species found during the current field survey were Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Coccus hesperidum L. and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead). With the exception of Pl. ficus, which has only been collected from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) and Ficus carica (Moraceae) in South Africa, these species are polyphagous and have a wide host range. None of the scale insect species found to occur in vineyards in South Africa pose a phytosanitary risk to countries where fruit are exported except for Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) and N. viridis that have not been recorded in the USA. All scale insects previously found in vineyards in South Africa are listed and their phytosanitary status discussed. The results of the survey show that the risk of exporting scale insect pests of phytosanitary importance on table grapes from South Africa is limited

Effect of scale density on female fecundity, fertility and body size of Ceroplastes destructor and on one of its host plants, <I>Syzygium malaccensis</I>.

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Chemical basis for acceptability of some bait carriers to <I>Schistocerca gregaria</I>.

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The current status of the biocontrol of Ceroplastes destructor Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) on Citrus and Syzygium in South Africa.

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Effects of some conventional insecticides and insect growth regulators on different phenological stages of the white wax scale, Ceroplastes destructor Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccidae), and its parasitoid, Aprostocetus ceroplastae (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

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Mealybugs and their parasitoids in apple and pear orchards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa

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Natural enemies of three mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) found on citrus and effects of some insecticides on the mealybug parasitoid Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

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Insect pests of astringent persimmon in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa

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Fecundity, fertility and phenology of white wax scale, <I>Ceroplastes destructor</I> Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on citrus and <I>syzigium</I> in South Africa.

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Population dynamics of the white wax scale, Ceroplastes destructor (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on citrus in South Africa, with implications for biological control.

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