Cellular Homeostasis and Antioxidant Response in Epithelial HT29 Cells on Titania Nanotube Arrays Surface

Cell growth and proliferative activities on titania nanotube arrays (TNA) have raised alerts on genotoxicity risk. Present toxicogenomic approach focused on epithelial HT29 cells with TNA surface. Fledgling cell-TNA interaction has triggered G0/G1 cell cycle arrests and initiatesDNA damage surveillance checkpoint, which possibly indicated the cellular stress stimuli. A profound gene regulation was observed to be involved in cellular growth and survival signals such as p53 and AKT expressions. Interestingly, the activation of redox regulator pathways (antioxidant defense) was observed through the cascade interactions of GADD45, MYC, CHECK1, and ATR genes.These mechanisms furnish to protect DNA during cellular division from an oxidative challenge, set in motion with XRRC5 and RAD50 genes for DNA damage and repair activities. The cell fate decision on TNA-nanoenvironment has been reported to possibly regulate proliferative activities via expression of p27 and BCL2 tumor suppressor proteins, cogent with SKP2 and BCL2 oncogenic proteins suppression. Findings suggested that epithelial HT29 cells on the surface of TNA may have a positive regulation via cell-homeostasis mechanisms: a careful circadian orchestration between cell proliferation, survival, and death. This nanomolecular knowledge could be beneficial for advanced medical applications such as in nanomedicine and nanotherapeutics

Comparison between manual salting-out and commercialized DNA extraction from small volume of peripheral blood

The techniques of isolation deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a crucial step in the process of DNA analysis has progressed rapidly. The manual techniques for DNA purification have been gradually replaced by automation and purification kits. Although expensive, these commercialized techniques are prefered as they are superior in extracting DNA from small volumes of samples. These methods are also safer and rapid. The purpose of this study was to adopt and optimize the manual saltingout procedure for the purification of DNA from small volumes of blood, and to compare the cost of performing the technique to that of the Mini QIAmp DNA extraction kit (Qiagen) and fully automated technique Magtration 12C, Precision). Apart from being relatively safe and cheaper, we found that the optimized salting-out procedure was able to extract DNA that is comparable in quantity and quality from small volumes of blood

Genome-nanosurface interaction of Titania Nanotube Arrays: evaluation of telomere, telomerase and NF-κB activities on epithelial cell model

Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays (TNA) provides promising platform for medical implants and nanomedicine applications. The present cell-TNA study has provided profound understanding on protection of genome integrity via telomere, telomerase and NF-κB activities using epithelial cell model. It has been revealed in this study that cell-TNA interaction triggers the telomere shortening activity and inhibition of telomerase activity at mRNA and protein level. The present work supported that cell-TNA stimulus might involve controlled transcription and proliferative activities via NBN and TERF21P mechanisms. Moreover, inhibition of NF-κB may promote molecular sensitivity via senescence -associated secretory phenotype activities and might results in reduced inflammatory response which would be good for cell and nanosurface adaptation activities. Thus, this nanomaterial-molecular knowledge is beneficial for further nanomaterial characterization and advanced medical application

Population genetic structure of Aedes aegypti subspecies in selected geographical locations in Sudan

Abstract Although knowledge of the composition and genetic diversity of disease vectors is important for their management, this is limiting in many instances. In this study, the population structure and phylogenetic relationship of the two Aedes aegypti subspecies namely Aedes aegypti aegypti (Aaa) and Aedes aegypti formosus (Aaf) in eight geographical areas in Sudan were analyzed using seven microsatellite markers. Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) for the two subspecies revealed that Aaa deviated from HWE among the seven microsatellite loci, while Aaf exhibited departure in five loci and no departure in two loci (A10 and M201). The Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA) plots revealed that the Aaa populations from Port Sudan, Tokar, and Kassala clustered together (which is consistent with the unrooted phylogenetic tree), Aaf from Fasher and Nyala populations clustered together, and Gezira, Kadugli, and Junaynah populations also clustered together. The Bayesian cluster analysis structured the populations into two groups suggesting two genetically distinct groups (subspecies). Isolation by distance test revealed a moderate to strong significant correlation between geographical distance and genetic variations (p = 0.003, r = 0.391). The migration network created using divMigrate demonstrated that migration and gene exchange between subspecies populations appear to occur based on their geographical proximity. The genetic structure of the Ae. aegypti subspecies population and the gene flow among them, which may be interpreted as the mosquito vector's capacity for dispersal, were revealed in this study. These findings will help in the improvement of dengue epidemiology research including information on the identity of the target vector/subspecies and the arboviruses vector surveillance program

Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Aedes aegypti Subspecies across the Sahelian Belt in Sudan

Aedes aegypti is the most important arboviral disease vector worldwide. In Africa, it exists as two morphologically distinct forms, often referred to as subspecies, Aaa and Aaf. There is a dearth of information on the distribution and genetic diversity of these two forms in Sudan and other African Sahelian region countries. This study aimed to explore the distribution and genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti subspecies using morphology and Cytochrome oxidase-1 mitochondrial marker in a large Sahelian zone in Sudan. An extensive cross-sectional survey of Aedes aegypti in Sudan was performed. Samples collected from eight locations were morphologically identified, subjected to DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and analyses. We classified four populations as Aaa and the other four as Aaf. Out of 140 sequence samples, forty-six distinct haplotypes were characterized. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the collected samples were 0.377–0.947 and 0.002–0.01, respectively. Isolation by distance was significantly evident (r = 0.586, p = 0.005). The SAMOVA test indicated that all Aaf populations are structured in one group, while the Aaa clustered into two groups. AMOVA showed 53.53% genetic differences within populations and 39.22% among groups. Phylogenetic relationships indicated two clusters in which the two subspecies were structured. Thus, the haplotype network consisted of three clusters

Genetic Polymorphism and Phylogenetics of Aedes aegypti from Sudan Based on ND4 Mitochondrial Gene Variations

This study investigated the genetic differences between Aedes aegypti subspecies (Aedes aegypti aegypti (Aaa) and Aedes aegypti formosus (Aaf)) from Sudan using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) mitochondrial gene marker. Nineteen distinct haplotypes of the ND4 were identified in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from the study sites. The phylogenetic relationship of the 19 ND4 haplotypes was demonstrated in a median-joining haplotype network tree with Aaa and Aaf populations found to share three haplotypes. The genetic variance (Pairwise FST values) was estimated and found to range from 0.000 to 0.811. Isolation by distance test revealed that geographical distance was correlated to genetic variation (coefficient value (r) = 0.43). The Polar maximum likelihood tree showed the phylogenetic relationship of 91 female Aaa and Aaf from the study sites, with most of the Aaf haplotypes clustered in one group while most of the Aaa haplotypes gathered in another group, but there was an admixture of the subspecies in both clusters, especially the Aaa cluster. The Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA) test revealed that the eight populations clustered into two phylogeographic groups/clusters of the two subspecies populations. The 2 Aedes aegypti subspecies seemed not to be totally separated geographically with gene flow among the populations