31 research outputs found
Evaluation of Muskellunge and Tiger Muskellunge Stocking Program, July 1, 1994 - June 30, 1995
Federal Aid Project F-113-RReport issued on: August 1995Annual Progress Report to Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Fisherie
OcorrĂŞncia do parasitĂłide Labena fiorii sp.n. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) em larvas de Hedypathes betulinus (Klug), broca da erva-mate e em Chydarteres striatus (Fabricius), broca da aroeira, (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
New species of Praeichneumonidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalia
The biology, egg and larvae of Acaenitus dubitator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae: Acaenitinae)
A legal opinion's consequences for the stigmatisation of the mentally ill: Case analysis
Direct optimization and multiple alignment of 28S D2-D3 rDNA sequences: problems with indels on the way to a molecular phylogeny of the cryptine ichneumon wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera)
A molecular phylogeny of the Cryptinae based on the D2–D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene, including 176 cryptines representing 139 genera and an additional 77 outgroup genera, is presented. Direct optimization and multiple alignment each with a range of gap/substitution parameters were employed. The informal higher grouping of the ichneumonids were supported, but the relationship of the Ichneumoninae and Cryptinae was not resolved. Cryptinae tribes were supported but many genera formed constant groups that did not follow earlier subtribal divisions. We investigated artifactual placements of, e.g., Agriotypinae and Brachycyrtinae, and showed that they do not possess molecular synapomophies with the Ichenumoninae where direct optimization places them. The sequences of anomalous placed taxa were markedly longer (or in some cases shorter) than those of most other taxa, and this is explained by homoplastic indels at "hot spots" in the absence of large numbers of informative substitutions. We show that multiple alignment generally resulted in taxa with large insertions or deletions being placed in more plausible positions. The relationship of the genus Alomya is also explored