Estimation of Reservoir Porosity Using Seismic Post-Stack Inversion in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan

Seismic post-stack inversion is one of the best techniques for effective reservoir characterization. This study intends to articulate the application of Model-Based Inversion (MBI) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) for the identification of reservoir properties i.e. porosity estimation. MBI technique is applied to observe the low impedance zone at the porous reservoir formation. PNN is a geostatistical technique that transforms the impedance volume into porosity volume. Inverted porosity is estimated to observe the spatial distribution of porosity in the Lower Goru sand reservoir beyond the well data control. The result of inverted porosity is compared with that of well-computed porosity. The estimated inverted porosity ranges from 13-13.5% which shows a correlation of 99.63% with the computed porosity of the Rehmat-02 well. The observed low impedance and high porosity cube at the targeted horizon suggest that it could be a probable potential sand channel. Furthermore, the results of seismic post-stack inversion and geostatistical analysis indicate a very good agreement with each other. Hence, the seismic post-stack inversion technique can effectively be applied to estimate the reservoir properties for further prospective zones identification, volumetric estimation and future exploration

Infective endocarditis in 1980's in Kashmir.

The study reveals infective endocarditis in our set-up is a disease of young patients, Patients are presenting early for medical care, blood cultures are negative in majority of cases having history of antibiotics intake prior to hospitalization. Rheumatic valvular disease is still the commonest underlying lesion for infective endocarditis, fever and ESR is a dominant clinical feature and laboratory parameter. Majority of patients have –ve blood cultures due to prior antibiotics intake which renders cultures -ve frequently. The overall mortality and the relative mortality with each Complications have decreased. Staph. Aureus has a significant high mortality