Properties of Foreign Exchange Risk Premiums

We study the properties of foreign exchange risk premiums that can explain the forward bias puzzle, de¯ned as the tendency of high-interest rate currencies to ap- preciate rather than depreciate. These risk premiums arise endogenously from the no-arbitrage condition relating the term structure of interest rates and exchange rates. Estimating a±ne (multi-currency) term structure models reveals a noticeable tradeo® between matching depreciation rates and accuracy in pricing bonds. Risk premiums implied by our global a±ne model generate unbiased predictions for cur- rency excess returns and are closely related to global risk aversion, the business cycle, and traditional exchange rate fundamentals

SBML Level 3: an extensible format for the exchange and reuse of biological models

Systems biology has experienced dramatic growth in the number, size, and complexity of computational models. To reproduce simulation results and reuse models, researchers must exchange unambiguous model descriptions. We review the latest edition of the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML), a format designed for this purpose. A community of modelers and software authors developed SBML Level 3 over the past decade. Its modular form consists of a core suited to representing reaction-based models and packages that extend the core with features suited to other model types including constraint-based models, reaction-diffusion models, logical network models, and rule-based models. The format leverages two decades of SBML and a rich software ecosystem that transformed how systems biologists build and interact with models. More recently, the rise of multiscale models of whole cells and organs, and new data sources such as single-cell measurements and live imaging, has precipitated new ways of integrating data with models. We provide our perspectives on the challenges presented by these developments and how SBML Level 3 provides the foundation needed to support this evolution