Feed intake and feed conversion rate of broiler chickens fed deoxynivalenol and microbial feed additive.

<p>Feed intake and feed conversion rate of broiler chickens fed deoxynivalenol and microbial feed additive.</p

Effects of deoxynivalenol and a microbial feed additive on the absolute weights of organs in broiler chickens.

a,b<p>Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (ANOVA followed by Duncan test; n = 10/treatment).</p

Effects of deoxynivalenol and a microbial feed additive on the relative weights of organs in broiler chickens.

a,b<p>Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (ANOVA followed by Duncan test; n = 10/treatment).</p

Stress hormone (corticosterone) and stress index (Heterophil:Lymphocyte ratio) of broilers fed deoxynivalenol and microbial feed additive.

a,b<p>Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (ANOVA followed by Duncan test; n =  10/treatment).</p

Body weight and body weight gain of broiler chickens fed deoxynivalenol and microbial feed additive.

a,b<p>Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (ANOVA followed by Duncan test; n =  10/treatment).</p

Effect of luminal avain <i>E. coli</i> on the permeability (<i>G</i>_t) and short-circuit current (<i>I</i>_sc) of isolated jejunal epithelial sheets from 6-wk-old broiler chickens by the Ussing chambers technique.

<p>The electrophysiological changes of jejunal tissues exposed to <i>E. coli</i> and cholera toxin at the luminal side were monitored. (A) Permeability (<i>G</i>_t), (B) Short-circuit current (<i>I</i>_sc), black columns represent basal values before additions while white columns represent values 1 h after addition of <i>E. coli (</i>avian non-pathogenic, IMT11322 and avian pathogenic, IMT4529) and oblique lines columns represent values 30 min after addition of cholera toxin. Data from simultaneously incubated epithelia without infection served as controls. Data are given as means + SEM (n =  10). *^/**/***Asterisks mark significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05/<i>P</i><0.01/<i>P</i><0.001).</p

Effect of DON and a microbial feed additive on the blood lymphocyte DNA damage.

<p>DNA damages were estimated by Comet assay. Bars show the means and standard errors of means (SEM). Values are the means of 10 birds per treatment. The differences between birds was assessed by ANOVA followed by Duncan test and comparisons were significantly different at P<0.001 (***).</p

The changes of permeability (<i>G</i>_t) and short-circuit current (<i>I</i>_sc) of jejunal epithelial sheets of broiler chickens after exposure to avain <i>E. coli</i> on the luminal side and histamine on the serosal side.

<p>(A) Permeability (<i>G</i>_t), (B) Short-circuit current (<i>I</i>_sc), black columns represent basal values before additions while white columns represent values 1 h after addition of <i>E. coli</i> (avian non-pathogenic, IMT11322 and avian pathogenic, IMT4529) and oblique lines columns represent values 30 min after addition of histamine. Data from simultaneously incubated epithelia without infection served as controls. Data are given as means + SEM (n =  10). *^/**/***Asterisks mark significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05/<i>P</i><0.01/<i>P</i><0.001).</p

Basal values of transmural conductivity (<i>G</i>_t) and short-circuit current (<i>I</i>_sc) of isolated jejunal mucosa of broiler chickens and their changes in response to <i>Escherichia coli</i> application.

a,b<p>Values within one row that do not share a common letter are different (P<0.05; Duncan's test).</p>1<p>G_t or I_sc at time zero is the basal value before addition <i>Escherichia coli.</i></p>2<p>Data are arithmetic means and pooled standard error of means SEM [n =  30 (number of experiments for each treatment)].</p>3<p>Delta-values represent the absolute and relative changes of <i>G</i>_t and <i>I</i>_sc from 1 min before application to 60 min after application.</p><p><i>E. coli</i> IMT11322 = avain non-pathogenic <i>E. coli</i>; <i>E. coli</i> IMT4529 = avain pathogenic <i>E. Coli</i>.</p

Composition and analysis of the experimental diet (%).

1<p>Pumpkin seed expeller is a byproduct of oil manufacture, obtained by pressing of pumpkin seeds, Cucurbita maxima Duch, moschata (Duch) Poir., Cucurbita pepo L., and other species of Cucurbita.</p>2<p>Produced by MIAVIT GmbH & Co. KG, Essen (Oldb.), Germany. Each kilogram of vitamin premix contains vitamin A, 200,000 IU; vitamin D3, 80,000 IU; vitamin E, 1,600 mg; vitamin K3, 34 mg; vitamin C, 1,300 mg; vitamin B1, 35 mg; vitamin B2, 135 mg; vitamin B6, 100 mg; vitamin B12, 670 µg; nicotinic acid, 1,340 mg; calcium pantothenic acid, 235 mg; choline chloride, 8,400 mg; folic acid, 34 mg; biotin, 3,350 µg; and methionine, 30 g.</p>3<p>Produced by MIAVIT GmbH & Co. KG, Essen (Oldb.), Germany. Each kilogram of trace element premix contains calcium, 196 g; phosphorous, 64 g; sodium, 30 g; magnesium, 6 g; copper, 400 mg; zinc, 1,200 mg; iron, 2,000 mg; manganese, 1,200 mg; cobalt, 20 mg; iodine, 40 mg; selenium, 8 mg.</p