Reaction of α-Chloro-N-arylisobutyrimidyl Chloride with Ethyl Malonate(1)

a-Chloro-N-arylisobutyrimidyl chloride (I) reacted with ethyl sodiomalonate to afford N-aryl-2,2-dimethyl-3 carbethoxysuccinimide. This reaction seems to proceed in a different mechanism from that of the synthesis of tetronic acids(2) and is supposed to involve a primary attack of the carbanion at the a-carbon atom of the chloride followed by the cyclization

Strong Turbulence in the Cool Cores of Galaxy Clusters: Can Tsunamis Solve the Cooling Flow Problem?

Based on high-resolution two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, we show that the bulk gas motions in a cluster of galaxies, which are naturally expected during the process of hierarchical structure formation of the universe, have a serous impact on the core. We found that the bulk gas motions represented by acoustic-gravity waves create local but strong turbulence, which reproduces the complicated X-ray structures recently observed in cluster cores. Moreover, if the wave amplitude is large enough, they can suppress the radiative cooling of the cores. Contrary to the previous studies, the heating is operated by the turbulence, not weak shocks. The turbulence could be detected in near-future space X-ray missions such as ASTRO-E2.Comment: Movies are available at http://th.nao.ac.jp/tsunami/index.ht

Four Types of Demonstration of the Necessity of Money

In this paper, Marxian attempts to demonstrate the necessity of money in market economy are classified into the four types of theory as follows : (1) one which focuses on money as the measure of value and does not use the concept of labour-value in the demonstration (2) one which focuses on money as the means of circulation and uses the concept of labour-value in the demonstration (3) one which focuses on money as the means of circulation and does not use the concept of labour-value in the demonstration (4) one which focuses on money as the measure of value and uses the concept of labour-value in the demonstration. The author thinks that the second type of theory should be adopted for two reasons. First, the concept of labour-value makes it possible to find out what set of social relations among individual labours makes money necessary as a means of social reproduction. Second, money as the measure of value can be meaningful only in an economy where money as the means of circulation is necessitated by indirect exchanges of commodities

Actual Meaning ofthe Aggregate Equality and Inequalities in the Transformation Problem

Three aggregate equalities have been discussed in the transformation problem in Marxian economics: total value =total price of production; total surplus value = total profit; total value product = total revenue. Marx thought that all the aggregate equalities hold simultaneously but nowadays the following three views are opposed to each other: (1) One which denies all the aggregate equalities (2) One which holds anyone ofthe aggregate equalities (3) One which holds any two or three ofthe aggregate equalities. The first and the second views do not need any modification of the definition ofvalue and / or price ofproduction whereas the last view does. The author takes the second view to assume total value = total price of production for the analysis of unequal exchange of embodied labour. The other two aggregate equalities do not hold under the assumption. The author insists that it does not mean the failure of the labour theory of value because the inequality between total surplus value and total profit as well as the inequality between total value product and total revenue indicate the possibility of additional unequal exchanges of embodied labour beyond the redistribution of surplus value among capitals