Prostaglandin F2α promotes embryo implantation and development in the pig

Successful establishment and development of pregnancy requires proper communication between developing conceptuses and the maternal reproductive tract. Prostaglandins are key players involved in the regulation of reproductive processes in mammals including pigs. Due to its luteolytic action, prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2α) is mainly considered as an undesirable factor during early pregnancy. However, its content in the uterine lumen is elevated in pigs and other mammals. Recently, we reported an important role of PGF2α in the endometrium during early pregnancy in the pig. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine whether PGF2α can act on porcine trophoblast and if so, to elucidate what effect it could exert. We detected increased expression of PGF2α receptor during the implantation period (from day 14 until day 19 of pregnancy). Global gene expression profiling using microarrays and quantitative PCR studies revealed that PGF2α acting on porcine trophoblast cells in vitro alters expression of genes potentially involved in processes related to implantation, such as: cell proliferation, focal adhesion, extracellular matrix binding, cell migration, cytoskeleton organization, immune interactions, ion homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Using primary porcine trophoblast cells, we demonstrated that PGF2α stimulated trophoblast cell proliferation and adhesion to extracellular matrix protein. This was likely mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK1/3) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) since we observed increased phosphorylation of MAPK1/3 and FAK in trophoblast cells treated with PGF2α. To conclude, the present report indicates a novel role for PGF2α in the porcine conceptus as a para- and autocrine factor supporting pregnancy establishment

Hungarians in the January Uprising

W niniejszej pracy zostanie omówiony udział Węgrów w powstaniu styczniowym, ukazane zostanie w jaki sposób wspierali ten zryw niepodległościowy oraz jakie były tego przyczyny i skutki. W pierwszym rozdziale autor przedstawia stosunek węgierskiej emigracji oraz europejskich mocarstw do powstania styczniowego, a następnie stosunek społeczeństwa węgierskiego do powstania oraz jego odzwierciedlenie w prasie oraz literaturze. Rozdział drugi zarysuje kilka sylwetek węgierskich bohaterów, których postawa i zaangażowanie w sprawę polską zasługują na szczególną uwagę i szacunek. Autor skorzysta z dotychczas powstałych opracowań tego tematu w celu syntezy informacji. Jednakże pracę poszerzy również o materiały, które w żadnym z omówień tej kwestii nie zostały przytoczone. Twórca dotarł do bardzo wartościowych wspomnień Węgrów, opublikowanych w prasie węgierskiej, którzy brali udział w powstaniu styczniowym. Dzięki temu praca ta z pewnością zyska na wartości ze względów badawczych.The aim of that essay is to discuss what part Hungarians played in the January Uprising, to show how they supported this insurrection and what were the reasons and fallouts of this engagement. In the first chapter author intend to put forward Hungarian emigration’ and European powerhouses’ attitude to January Uprising, afterwards writer will describe Hungarian society’s attitude to insurrection. Moreover author will delineate the impact it has made on Hungarian press and literature. Whereas in the second chapter writer aspire to depict some significant figures, whose involvement and demeanour in polish issue deserves to be particularly mentioned. Writer intend to use hitherto compiled studies on that topic in order to create synthesis of this subject. Nevertheless the essay will be extended to new references, which had not been cited in previous works. Writer succeeded to find highly valuable Hungarians’ memories, who took part in the January Uprising. Due to this certainly this essay will benefit from research values