2 research outputs found
Oesophageal cancer magnitude and presentation in Ethiopia 2012-2017.
The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude, socio-demographic, and clinical characteristics of oesophageal cancer patients in selected referral hospitals of Ethiopia. A retrospective document review was employed in ten referral hospitals in different regions of Ethiopia. A structured data extraction tool was used to extract data from clinical care records of all clinically and pathologically confirmed oesophageal cancer patients who were diagnosed and treated in those hospitals from 2012 to 2017. During the study period, a total of 777 oesophageal cancer cases were identified, and the median age of these patients was 55 years, with an interquartile range of 19. More than half (55.1%, n = 428) of the cases were males, and the majority of them were reported from Oromia (49.9%, n = 388) and Somali (25.9%, n = 202) regional states. The highest numbers of oesophageal cancer cases were recorded in 2016 (23.8%, n = 185), while the lowest were in 2012 (12.6%, n = 98). Eighty per cent of oesophageal cancer cases were diagnosed in later stages of the disease. More than one-fourth (27.0%, n = 210) of patients had surgical procedures where the majority (74.3%, n = 156) required insertion of a feeding tube followed by transhiatal oesophagectomy (10.9%, n = 23). Of the 118 patients for which there was histology data, squamous cell carcinoma (56.7%, n = 67) and adenocarcinoma (36.4%, n = 43) were the predominant histologic type. One-fourth (25.0%, n = 194) of the patients were alive, and more than two-thirds (71.7%, n = 557) of the patients' current status was unknown at the time of the review. In these referral hospitals of Ethiopia, many oesophageal cancer patients presented during later stages of the disease and needed palliative care measures. The number of patients seen in Oromia and Somali hospitals by far exceeded hospitals of the other regions, thus postulating possibly unique risk factors in those geographic areas
Guidance for Product Category Rule Development
This guidance document is a response to an internationally recognized need for
additional instruction on the development of rules specific to a category of products for
making claims based on a life cycle assessment (LCA). The purpose is to supplement
existing standards for LCA-based claims that require the development of product
category rules (PCRs) or their equivalents. The aim is that PCRs can be developed in a
consistent manner and used to support claims based on multiple standards. The scope
of the Guidance is global. The Guidance embodies the efforts of individuals with
expertise in LCA and LCA-based product claims from more over 40 organizations in 13
countries and regions under the name of The Product Category Rule Guidance
Development Initiative. The Initiative received no financial support from any standard or
other product claim program and this Guidance reflects no bias toward any particular
standard or program. The Guidance is intended to be a living document and we hope
that it will continue to improve as the application of product claims based on LCA
expands and diversifies.JRC.H.8-Sustainability Assessmen