Distribution of Turcicum leaf blight of maize in Kenya and cultural variability of its causal agent, Exserohilum turcicum

The causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight Exserohilum turcicum was isolated from infected maize samples collected during a survey in seven districts representing the main maize growing areas of Kenya. The cultural variability of the isolates was assessed in different types of media, temperatures and light conditions. Growth rates were measured at two-day intervals from the second day up to the sixteenth day. Potato Dextrose Agar, Leaf Decoction Agar, Malt Extract Agar and V8 juice Agar were the four types of media used at continuous light, continuous darkness and alternating 12 hours of light and darkness. Temperatures ranged from 5oC, 10oC, 15oC, 20oC, 25oC, 30oC, and 35oC up to 40oC. Disease prevalence in six out of the seven districts was 100% while it was 90% in Nakuru district. All the cultivars grown by farmers were susceptible with disease incidence and severity ranging from 10% to 90% and 0.11 to 1.54 respectively. Agro-ecological zones with moderate temperatures accompanied by reliable rainfall recorded higher disease incidence and severity than those zones characterized by dry conditions with low rainfall levels. Isolates from different agro-ecological zones showed variation in morphology, pigmentation, growth rate and sporulation rate in different media. The different light regimes had significant effect on the growth rate and sporulation of E. turcicum isolates. The type of media and incubation temperatures had a significant effect on the growth rate of different isolates. The optimum temperature was 25oC and only one isolate had minimal growth below 100C and no growth was observed in all the isolates at 400C. This study shows that E. turcicum has a wide distribution and isolates from different areas vary in cultural characteristics and parasitic fitness with isolates from the same locality showing less variation. Keywords: Exserohilum turcicum, growth rate, isolates, sporulation Journal of Tropical Microbiology and Biochemistry Vol. 4 (1) 2008: pp. 32-3

Identification of Elsinoë phaseoli causing bean scab in Kenya and evaluation of sporulation using five adapted techniques

This research addresses the presence of Elsinoë phaseoli in Kenya, where information on the biology of this pathogen remains scarce. Employing a multifaceted approach, the study demonstrates the steps taken to isolate, identify, and characterize E. phaseoli as the pathogen responsible for scab on common bean. Field observations confirmed scab symptoms, particularly the prominent pod lesions. Elsinoë phaseoli was isolated from common bean using a targeted streaking method on older acervulus-bearing lesions. Morphological examinations revealed a notable diversity within E. phaseoli colonies, consistent with the characteristics of the genus. Molecular identification through ITS-rDNA sequencing confirmed isolate AscoSK1 obtained in this study as belonging to E. phaseoli, offering a robust species differentiation method. Assessing conidium production required the implementation of five different culture methods. An adaptation of the Scheper et al. (2013) method yielded the highest quantity of conidia from 25 colonies spaced at 1 cm apart, with a conidial yield of 5.0 × 106 conidia per 9-cm-diameter Petri dish. A higher conidial yield was attained after the colonies were pre-incubated on potato dextrose agar in the dark at room temperature for 28 days, followed by a transfer to corn meal agar for an additional 2 days at 20°C. This emphasizes the pivotal influence of incubation duration and pre-culture conditions on the process. This research provides insights into the biology of E. phaseoli and introduces an improved method for enhancing in vitro sporulation of the pathogen, setting groundwork for future research and handling

Assessing the role of organic soil amendments in management of rootknotnematodes on common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of animal manures, cow and chicken manures, and green manures, Mucuna pruriens, Azadirachta indica and Tagetes minuta in root knot nematode suppression. The organic materials were mixed with soil at the rate of 5% (w/w) and placed in 5- kg plastic pots. The soil was infested with 4000 second-stage Meloidogyne juveniles and galling was assessed using a scale of 1 to 9. Galling was reduced in soil treated with organic amendments and ranged from 1.5 to 4.4 compared to 5.8 in the control. The amendments were ranked as chicken manure, neem, marigold, and cow manure in descending order of effectiveness in root-knot disease suppression. All the amendments were mo re effective than carbofuran, with the exception of cow manure. An analysis of the correlation between available ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) and phosphorous (P) in amended soil done on one hand and nematode parameters on the other, showed significant (p < 0.01) negative relationships. The correlation coefficient (r = -0.85) between NH4-N and juvenile numbers in the soil was significant (p < 0.01). Similarly, phosphorous was negatively and significantly (p < 0.01) correlated to nematode egg mass (r = -0.79) and juvenile (r= -0.44) numbers. Microbial activity, measured using microbial biomass, carbon and nitrogen, was higher in organically amended soils than the control, with the highest figures being recorded on chicken manure. This is a clear demonstration of the potential of organic amendments in triggering the natural mechanisms that regulate plant nematodes in the soil. Journal of Tropical Microbiology Vol.3 2004: 14-2