The measurement of air supply volumes and velocities in cleanrooms

Air supply volumes and velocities in cleanrooms are monitored by airflow measuring hoods and anemometers but these measuring methods can be inaccurate if used incorrectly. It is demonstrated in this article that measuring hoods are accurate if the air supply passes evenly out of the hood, as occurs when the air volume is measured from a four-way diffuser or no air supply diffuser. However, when a swirl diffuser was investigated, the measuring hood gave readings more than 50% greater than the true volume. The reasons for the inaccuracy, and methods to correct it were established. Vane anemometers give inaccurate readings at the face of high-efficiency air supply filters, and it was found that the most accurate reading was found about 15 cm from the filter face. The number of readings required across the filter face to obtain an accurate average velocity was investigated, as was a scanning method using overlapping passes

Removal of microbe-carrying particles by high efficiency air filters in cleanrooms

The removal efficiency of high efficiency air filters against microbe-carrying particles (MCPs) in the air supply of occupied rooms, such as cleanrooms, was determined. Knowing the size distribution of MCPs in the air to be filtered, and the removal efficiency of a filter against individual particle diameters, the overall removal efficiency was ascertained. A variety of filters were investigated, and it was found that a filter 90% efficient, when tested against sub-micrometre particles, used in standard classification methods such as EN 1822, was greater than 99.99% efficient in removing MCPs. The effect of filter efficiency on the quality of the air supply, and the concentration of MCPs in cleanroom air was also studied. No practical improvement in airborne concentrations was obtained by filters that had a removal efficiency greater than 99.99% against MCPs. Use of a filter suitable for removing MCPs, rather than sub-micrometre particles, would give a reduction of about 6 to 8-fold in the pressure drop over a filter, and a substantial reduction in the cost of running a cleanroom

Removal efficiency of high efficiency air filters against microbe-carrying particles (MCPs) in cleanrooms

The removal efficiency of high efficiency air filters was determined against microbe-carrying particles (MCPs) in the air supply to cleanrooms. Knowing the size distribution of MCPs in the air to be filtered, and the filter's removal efficiency against individual particle diameters, the overall removal efficiency was ascertained. The removal efficiency of individual species of microbes with a known size was also obtained. A variety of filters were investigated, and it was found that a filter 90% efficient against the most penetrating particle size (as classified by EN 1822) was greater than 99.99% efficient in removing a MCPs. The effect of filter efficiency on the microbial concentration in both the air supply and the cleanroom air was studied, and no practical improvement in the air quality was obtained by filters that had a removal efficiency greater than 99.99% against MCPs. Use of a filter suitable for removing MCPs, rather than sub-micrometre particles, would give a reduction of about 6 to 8-fold in the pressure differential across the filter, and a substantial reduction in the energy costs of running a cleanroom

Experimental and CFD airflow studies of a cleanroom with special respect to air supply inlets

Investigations were carried out into the airflow in a non-unidirectional airflow cleanroom and its affect on the local airborne particle cleanliness The main influence was the method of air supply A supply inlet with no diffuser gave a pronounced downward jet flow and low levels of contamination below it, but poorer than average conditions in much of the rest of the room A 4-way diffuser gave much better air mixing and a more even airborne particle concentration throughout the cleanroom Other variables such as air inlet supply velocity, temperature difference between air supply and the room, and the release position of contamination also influenced the local airborne cleanliness A CFD analysis of airflow fields in a cleanroom was compared with measured values It was considered that a turbulent intensity of 6%, and a hydraulic diameter based on the actual size of the air inlet, should be used for the inlet boundary conditions and, when combined with a k-epsilon standard turbulence model, a reasonable prediction of the airflow and airborne particle concentration was obtained

Dispersion of microbes from floors when walking in ventilated rooms

The redispersion factor of microbe-carrying particles, which is the ratio of the concentration of floor-derived microbes in room air to those on a floor surface, was determined, as was the percentage of floor-derived microbes in room air. These relationships were shown to vary according to conditions in the room. Equations were derived that allow these relationships to be calculated for a variety of room conditions, including air supply rates, levels of personnel activity, and the effect of gravitational deposition on microbe-carrying particles.<p></p> The redispersion factor in ventilated rooms, such as cleanrooms and operating rooms, when the floor surface concentration was measured by nutrient agar contact dishes, was found to vary from about 1.5 x 10-4 to 7.4 x 10-6, and the percentage of floor-derived microbes in room air from about 0.004% to 10.5%. In a typical cleanroom, the redispersion factor is likely to be about 1.0 x 10-4, and the percentage of floor-derived microbes, 0.7. In a typical operating room, the redispersion factor is likely to be about 5.2 x 10-6 and the percentage of floor-derived microbes, 2.<p></p&gt

Experimental demonstration of holographic three-dimensional light shaping using a Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm

We use a three-dimensional Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm (Shabtay (2003) Opt. Commun. 226 33) to calculate the Fourier-space representation of physically realizable light beams with arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional intensity distributions. From this representation we extract a phase-hologram pattern that allows us to create such light beams experimentally. We show several examples of experimentally shaped light beams

Vortex sorter for Bose-Einstein condensates

We have designed interferometers that sort Bose-Einstein condensates into their vortex components. The Bose-Einstein condensates in the two arms of the interferometer are rotated with respect to each other through fixed angles; different vortex components then exit the interferometer in different directions. The method we use to rotate the Bose-Einstein condensates involves asymmetric phase imprinting and is itself new. We have modelled rotation through fixed angles and sorting into vortex components with even and odd values of the topological charge of 2-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates in a number of states (pure or superposition vortex states for different values of the scattering length). Our scheme may have applications for quantum information processing.Comment: 4 pages, high resolution figures can be obtained from the author

Removal efficiency of high efficiency air filters against microbe-carrying particles (MCPs) in cleanrooms

The removal efficiency of high efficiency air filters was determined against microbe-carrying particles (MCPs) in the air supply to cleanrooms. Knowing the size distribution of MCPs in the air to be filtered, and the filter's removal efficiency against individual particle diameters, the overall removal efficiency was ascertained. The removal efficiency of individual species of microbes with a known size was also obtained. A variety of filters were investigated, and it was found that a filter 90% efficient against the most penetrating particle size (as classified by EN 1822) was greater than 99.99% efficient in removing a MCPs. The effect of filter efficiency on the microbial concentration in both the air supply and the cleanroom air was studied, and no practical improvement in the air quality was obtained by filters that had a removal efficiency greater than 99.99% against MCPs. Use of a filter suitable for removing MCPs, rather than sub-micrometre particles, would give a reduction of about 6 to 8-fold in the pressure differential across the filter, and a substantial reduction in the energy costs of running a cleanroom

The validity of capillary blood sampling in the determination of human growth hormone concentration during exercise in men

This is an open access article - Copyright © 2004 BMJ Publishing Group LtdBACKGROUND: Studies measuring human growth hormone (hGH) in blood during exercise have mainly used venous sampling. The invasive nature of this procedure makes evaluation of hGH impossible in various exercise environments. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether capillary sampling could offer an alternative sampling method. METHODS: Capillary and venous blood samples were collected for determination of hGH at the end of each exercise stage during an incremental exercise test in 16 male club level competitive cyclists (mean (SD) age 30.8 (8.0) years, body mass 72.2 (7.1) kg, body fat 12.9 (3.5)%, peak oxygen consumption 4.18 (0.46) l⋅min−1). Linear regression, from a plot of venous v capillary blood hGH concentration, showed a correlation coefficient of r = 0.986 (p<0.001). When geometric means and log transformations were used, a coefficient of variation of 14.2% was demonstrated between venous and capillary flow for hGH concentration. The mean ratio limits of agreement were 0.62 (1.72)—that is, 95% of the ratios were contained between 0.36 and 1.07, with a mean of 0.62. CONCLUSIONS: Capillary blood sampling is an acceptable alternative to venous sampling for determining hGH concentration during rest and exercise. Sample sites should not be used interchangeably: one site should be chosen and its use standardised

An epidemic of cholera treated by intravenous saline infusion

History of Cholera in China Methods in which the spread of cholera is assisted: Water; Flies; Contact; Cholera carriers; History of the Epidemic, Swatow, 1912 Was it cholera? Aim of treatment Historical note on intravenous saline infusion Indication for intravenous infusion afforded by: The concentration of the blood; The degree of cardiac failure Method in which treatment was carried out Results achieved by this treatment Study of the principal causes of death: Collapse; Hyperpyrexia; Uraemia Conclusion Bibliography Appendi