29 research outputs found
Extragalactic Results from the Infrared Space Observatory
More than a decade ago the IRAS satellite opened the realm of external
galaxies for studies in the 10 to 100 micron band and discovered emission from
tens of thousands of normal and active galaxies. With the 1995-1998 mission of
the Infrared Space Observatory the next major steps in extragalactic infrared
astronomy became possible: detailed imaging, spectroscopy and
spectro-photometry of many galaxies detected by IRAS, as well as deep surveys
in the mid- and far- IR. The spectroscopic data reveal a wealth of detail about
the nature of the energy source(s) and about the physical conditions in
galaxies. ISO's surveys for the first time explore the infrared emission of
distant, high-redshift galaxies. ISO's main theme in extragalactic astronomy is
the role of star formation in the activity and evolution of galaxies.Comment: 106 pages, including 17 figures. Ann.Rev.Astron.Astrophys. (in
press), a gzip'd pdf file (667kB) is also available at
http://www.mpe.mpg.de/www_ir/preprint/annrev2000.pdf.g
Interhost migration behaviour of Ctenocephalides felis on cats and in their resting sites
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Measurement of HO2NO2 in the free troposphere during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment - North America 2004
The first direct in situ measurements of HO2NO2 in the upper troposphere were performed from the NASA DC-8 during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America 2004 with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). These measurements provide an independent diagnostic of HOx chemistry in the free troposphere and complement direct observations of HOx, because of the dual dependency of HO2NO2 on HOx and NOx. On average, the highest HO2NO2 mixing ratio of 76 pptv (median = 77 pptv, σ, = 39 pptv) was observed at altitudes of 8-9 km. Simple steady state calculations of HO2NO2, constrained by measurements of HOx, NOx, and J values, are in good agreement (slope = 0.90, R2 = 0.60, and z = 5.5-7.5 km) with measurements in the midtroposphere where thermal decomposition is the major loss process. Above 8 km the calculated steady state HO2NO2 is in poor agreement with observed values (R2 = 0.20) and is typically larger by a factor of 2.4. Conversely, steady state calculations using model-derived HOx show reasonable agreement with the observed HO2NO2 in both the midtroposphere (slope = 0.96, intercept = 7.0, and R2 = 0.63) and upper troposphere (slope = 0.80, intercept = 32.2, and R2 = 0.58). These results indicate that observed HO2 and HO2NO2 are in poor agreement in the upper troposphere but that HO2NO2 levels are consistent with current photochemical theory. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union
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Measurement of HO2NO2 in the free troposphere during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment - North America 2004
The first direct in situ measurements of HO2NO2 in the upper troposphere were performed from the NASA DC-8 during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America 2004 with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). These measurements provide an independent diagnostic of HOx chemistry in the free troposphere and complement direct observations of HOx, because of the dual dependency of HO2NO2 on HOx and NOx. On average, the highest HO2NO2 mixing ratio of 76 pptv (median = 77 pptv, σ, = 39 pptv) was observed at altitudes of 8-9 km. Simple steady state calculations of HO2NO2, constrained by measurements of HOx, NOx, and J values, are in good agreement (slope = 0.90, R2 = 0.60, and z = 5.5-7.5 km) with measurements in the midtroposphere where thermal decomposition is the major loss process. Above 8 km the calculated steady state HO2NO2 is in poor agreement with observed values (R2 = 0.20) and is typically larger by a factor of 2.4. Conversely, steady state calculations using model-derived HOx show reasonable agreement with the observed HO2NO2 in both the midtroposphere (slope = 0.96, intercept = 7.0, and R2 = 0.63) and upper troposphere (slope = 0.80, intercept = 32.2, and R2 = 0.58). These results indicate that observed HO2 and HO2NO2 are in poor agreement in the upper troposphere but that HO2NO2 levels are consistent with current photochemical theory. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union