50 research outputs found
Over-the-Counter Monocyclic Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Environment—Sources, Risks, Biodegradation
Recently, the increased use of monocyclic
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has resulted in
their presence in the environment. This may have
potential negative effects on living organisms. The
biotransformation mechanisms of monocyclic nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs in the human body
and in other mammals occur by hydroxylation and
conjugation with glycine or glucuronic acid.
Biotransformation/biodegradation of monocyclic
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment
may be caused by fungal or bacterial microorganisms.
Salicylic acid derivatives are degraded by
catechol or gentisate as intermediates which are
cleaved by dioxygenases. The key intermediate of
the paracetamol degradation pathways is hydroquinone.
Sometimes, after hydrolysis of this drug, 4-
aminophenol is formed, which is a dead-end metabolite.
Ibuprofen is metabolized by hydroxylation or
activation with CoA, resulting in the formation of
isobutylocatechol. The aim of this work is to attempt
to summarize the knowledge about environmental risk
connected with the presence of over-the-counter antiinflammatory
drugs, their sources and the biotransformation
and/or biodegradation pathways of these
drugs