STUDY ON ANTI-MICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF Enicosanthum membranifolium SINCLAIR AND Enicosanthum cupulare (KING) AIRY-SHAW

 ABSTRACT n-Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of methanol extracts of two species of Annonaceae, Enicosanthum membranifolium Sinclair and Enicosanthum cupulare (King) Airy-Shaw, were screened for antimicrobial activity against eighteen bacterial strains using agar dilution method. The ethyl acetate fraction of the two Annonaceae plants showed higher antimicrobial activities than the n-hexane fraction. The extracts of the plants tested were significantly more active against gram-positive with minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) ranging from 0.0625 to 4 mg/mL than against gram negative bacteria (MICs >4 mg/mL). Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Enicosanthum membranifolium Sinclair; Enicosanthum cupulare (King) Airy-Sha

Effect of Sucrose Intake on Spermatophore Mass Produced by Male Swallowtail Butterfly Papilio xuthus L.

A one-day old virgin male of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, requires about 50 min (at ca. 26.5°C) to transfer a spermatophore into the bursa copulatrix of a virgin female. Under such conditions, the spermatophore mass averages 4.7 mg, but is much smaller at the male\u27s second mating (about a half). The energy stored during the level stage is only enough to produce 1.5 spermatophores of the average size of the first mating. There is a positive correlation between adult male sugar intake and spermatophore mass at the second mating. To produce a spermatophore in a second mating that is the size typically produced by virgin males, a male must ingest 390 mg of sucrose solution (20%), which would take an estimated 4.3 days. If a large spermatophore is advantageous for mating, males are expected to have a period after mating when they feed but do not search for mates

Computed Three-Dimensional Atlas of Subthalamic Nucleus and Its Adjacent Structures for Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease

Background. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is one of the standard surgical treatments for advanced Parkinson's disease. However, it has been difficult to accurately localize the stimulated contact area of the electrode in the subthalamic nucleus and its adjacent structures using a two-dimensional atlas. The goal of this study is to verify the real and detailed localization of stimulated contact of the DBS electrode therapeutically inserted into the STN and its adjacent structures using a novel computed three-dimensional atlas built by a personal computer. Method. A three-dimensional atlas of the STN and its adjacent structures (3D-Subthalamus atlas) was elaborated on the basis of sagittal slices from the Schaltenbrand and Wahren stereotactic atlas on a personal computer utilizing a commercial software. The electrode inserted into the STN and its adjacent structures was superimposed on our 3D-Subthalamus atlas based on intraoperative third ventriculography in 11 cases. Findings. Accurate localization of the DBS electrode was identified using the 3D-Subthalamus atlas, and its clinical efficacy of the electrode stimulation was investigated in all 11 cases. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that the 3D-Subthalamus atlas is a useful tool for understanding the morphology of deep brain structures and for the precise anatomical position findings of the stimulated contact of a DBS electrode. The clinical analysis using the 3D atlas supports the contention that the stimulation of structures adjacent to the STN, particularly the zona incerta or the field of Forel H, is as effective as the stimulation of the STN itself for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease

交尾後に摂取したナトリウム塩がナミアゲハPapilio xuthus Linnaeus（チョウ目：アゲハチョウ科）の雄の再交尾時における注入物質量と精子数に与える効果

Although sodium ions induce puddling behavior in males of some butterfly species, the role of sodium ions in the male life history is unclear. Effects of saline intake until the second mating on the mass of spermatophore and accessory substances, as well as the number of eupyrene sperm bundles and apyrene spermatozoa, were examined in the male swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus Linnaeus. The virgin male transferred 6 mg spermatophore and 8 mg accessory substances with 38 eupyrene sperm bundles and 350,000 apyrene spermatozoa to a virgin female during copulation. A small spermatophore, a little accessory substance, and a low number of eupyrene sperm bundles and apyrene spermatozoa in the second mating of mated males the day after the first copulation were found. Mated males fed on both 20% sucrose solution and 0.01 M saline solution for two days after the first copulation transferred similar ejaculates at the first copulation. Saline intake recovered the ejaculate mass. Because a large spermatophore and a large number of sperm must be advantageous to the male under sperm competition in female polyandry, puddling behavior might be important to increase reproductive success in males

Visible Images Induced by the Three-Dimensionally Complicated Structure of the Plasma Periphery in the Large Helical Device

The magnetic components produced by nonaxisymmetric superconducting coils in the Large Helical Device produce a complicated magnetic structure in the plasma periphery, which strongly depend on the configuration of electric currents in the magnetic coils. A tangentially viewing charge-coupled device camera has observed line emission of doubly ionized carbon CIII. The dependence of the 3-D distribution of the CIII emission on magnetic configurations will be discussed