Comparison of a Novel Head-Mounted Objective Auto-perimetry (Gaze Analyzing Perimeter) and Humphrey Field Analyzer

アイトラッキングを利用した新しい自動視野計の性能が明らかに --簡便な検査で緑内障などの早期発見に期待--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2024-05-31.Purpose: To evaluate the agreement between 24-2 visual field (VF) test results obtained using the gaze analyzing perimeter (GAP; Findex) and the Humphrey field analyzer (HFA; Carl Zeiss Meditec). Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: Patients underwent HFA 24-2 for suspected or confirmed VF loss and were treated at the Kyoto University Hospital between December 2022 and July 2023. Methods: Patients underwent consecutive VF tests on the same eye using HFA and GAP 24-2 tests. Bland–Altman analysis was used to compare GAP and HFA results. Examination points where the sensitivity measured using GAP was ≥ 10 dB higher than that measured using HFA were re-evaluated by referring back to the original gaze data; 2 ophthalmologists assessed whether the gaze moved linearly toward the new test target. Main Outcome Measures: Mean deviation (MD) and elapsed time on an individual basis and sensitivity on an examination point basis. Results: Forty-seven eyes of 47 patients were analyzed. The correlation coefficient of the MD using HFA and GAP was 0.811 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.683–0.891). Bland–Altman analysis showed good agreement between HFA and GAP tests. The mean difference (95% limits of agreement) in MD between HFA and GAP results was −0.63 dB (−5.81 to 4.54 dB). Although no statistically significant differences were observed in the elapsed time (P = 0.99), measurements completed within 200 seconds were observed only in the GAP group (11 cases, 23.4%), who had significantly better HFA MD value than others (P = 0.001). On an examination point basis for sensitivity, the correlation coefficient between HFA and GAP was 0.691 (95% limits of agreement, 0.670–0.711). Original gaze data assessment revealed that the gaze moved linearly toward the new test target for 70.2% of the examination points with a sensitivity discrepancy. Conclusions: The results indicate that the GAP provides VF assessment outcomes comparable to those of the HFA. The GAP exhibited advantages in terms of testing time, particularly in patients with minimal VF impairment. Furthermore, the GAP records all eye movements, enabling the objective determination of VF abnormalities based on gaze patterns and facilitating easy posthoc verification. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article

‘All other things being equal’: Conducting cross-cultural research in counselling psychology

With multicultural competence, social justice, and methodical diversity which lie at the core of counselling psychology identity, Canadian counselling psychology is well-positioned to conduct cross-cultural research in a non-colonial, socially just manner. In this paper, we will use my own cross-cultural grief research as a means to discuss the challenges and issues that researchers need to navigate in the research process. This includes the assumption of ceteris paribus––all things being equal––that underlies cross-cultural quantitative research. Overall, we argue for critical cross-cultural research that fits with the ethos of Canadian counselling psychology: one that reveals Eurocentric, ethnocentric, and individualistic assumptions in psychology knowledge

Japanese Diplomatic Strategy as One of Five Great Powers After the First World War : From the View of Diplomatic Establishment

This paper attempts to reveal aspects of Japanese diplomacy after the First World War, by analysing the plans and the reality of Diplomatic Establishments Abroad (DEA), which were established by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). In examining the number of DEAs established between 1870 and 1943, it is clear that the greatest number were established in the early 1920s following the Paris peace conference. During this period, DEAs were set up in developing European and near East countries, many of which gained their independence after WWI. Until this point, Japan had hardly communicated with these countries, and DEAs were not yet necessary there. The trend in the establishment of DEAs during the 1920s is linked to the fact that Japan became a member of Five Great Powers by the Paris peace conference. Consequently, Japan had to develop diplomatic strategies for the postwar changes in the international landscape. One of these was to show a positive attitude, not only to the situations in Asia, but also those in Europe and near East. Thus, to make a basis appropriate as a member of Five Great Powers, the MOFA estab lished DEAs in the developing countries in Europe and near East