How emotions colour our time perception.

International audienc

Categorical scaling of duration bisection in pigeons (Columba livia), Mice (Mus musculus), and humans (Homo sapiens): Research article

10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02210.xPsychological Science19111103-1109PSYS

Cortico-striatal representation of time in animals and humans

10.1016/j.conb.2008.08.002Current Opinion in Neurobiology182145-152COPU

Sensory modality and time perception in children and adults

10.1016/j.beproc.2006.09.012Behavioural Processes742244-250BPRO

Prenatal-choline supplementation differentially modulates timing of auditory and visual stimuli in aged rats

Brain Research1237C167-175BRRE

Maternal Choline Supplementation Alters Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neuron Gene Expression In The Ts65Dn Mouse Model Of Down Syndrome

Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21, is marked by intellectual disability and a premature aging profile including degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) projection system, similar to Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD). Although data indicate that perinatal maternal choline supplementation (MCS) alters the structure and function of these neurons in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS and AD (Ts), whether MCS affects the molecular profile of vulnerable BFCNs remains unknown. We investigated the genetic signature of BFCNs obtained from Ts and disomic (2N) offspring of Ts65Dn dams maintained on a MCS diet (Ts+, 2N+) or a choline normal diet (ND) from mating until weaning, then maintained on ND until 4.4–7.5 months of age. Brains were then collected and prepared for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection followed by RNA extraction and custom-designed microarray analysis. Findings revealed upregulation of select transcripts in classes of genes related to the cytoskeleton (Tubb4b), AD (Cav1), cell death (Bcl2), presynaptic (Syngr1), immediate early (Fosb, Arc), G protein signaling (Gabarap, Rgs10), and cholinergic neurotransmission (Chrnb3) in Ts compared to 2N mice, which were normalized with MCS. Moreover, significant downregulation was seen in select transcripts associated with the cytoskeleton (Dync1h1), intracellular signaling (Itpka, Gng3, and Mlst8), and cell death (Ccng1) in Ts compared to 2N mice that was normalized with MCS. This study provides insight into genotype-dependent differences and the effects of MCS at the molecular level within a key vulnerable cell type in DS and AD