Znaczniki dyskursywne w języku włoskim i węgierskim – analiza kontrastywna

Lo studio tratta i segnali discorsivi attitudinali dell’italiano con l’intento di individuare le possibili cause delle difficoltà nella comprensione e nell’uso adeguato dell’italiano per apprendenti e utenti ungheresi. Sono menzionati l’origine dei connettivi e alcuni fattori extralinguistici rilevanti nell’apprendimento e nell’uso di tali elementi. L’analisi inoltre specifica gli argomenti seguenti: la variabilità formale negli usi testuali del verbo sapere; correlazioni tra posizione e funzione, con particolare attenzione alla posposizione; problemi d’interpretazione dei connettivi ricorrenti in sequenze.Artykuł omawia znaczniki dyskursu typowe dla języka włoskiego i opisuje możliwe trudności związane z ich właściwym zrozumieniem i odpowiednim użyciem w języku włoskim przez węgierskojęzycznych uczniów. Autorka wskazuje na pochodzenie konektorów oraz na kilka pozajęzykowych czynników istotnych w nauczaniu tychże elementów. Przeprowadzona przez autorkę analiza obejmuje także następujące zagadnienia: zmienność formalną w tekstualnych użyciach czasownika sapere, korelacje pomiędzy pozycją i funkcją (ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na postpozycję), problem interpretacji powtarzających się konektorów

In memoriam Hajnóczi Gábor

Studi di arte, storia, linguistica e letteratura

Lateral inhibition in visual cortex of migraine patients between attacks

BACKGROUND: The interictal deficit of habituation to repetitive visual stimuli in migraine patients could be due to deficient intracortical inhibition and/or to low cortical pre-activation levels. Which of these abnormalities contributes more to the habituation deficit cannot be determined with the common methods used to record transient visual responses. We investigated lateral inhibition in the visual cortex during the migraine cycle and in healthy subjects by using differential temporal modulations of radial windmill-dartboard (WD) or partial-windmill (PW) visual patterns. METHODS: Transient (TR-VEP) and steady-state visual-evoked potentials (SS-VEP) were recorded in 65 migraine patients (21 without and 22 with aura between attacks; 22 patients during an attack) and in 21 healthy volunteers (HV). Three stimulations were used in each subject: classic checkerboard pattern (contrast-reversion 3.1Hz), WD and PW (contrast-reversion ~4Hz). For each randomly presented stimulation protocol, 600 sweeps were acquired and off-line partitioned in 6 blocks of 100. Fourier analysis allowed data to extract in SS-VEP the fundamental (1H) and the second harmonic (2H) components that reflect respectively short-(WD) and long- range lateral inhibition (attenuation of 2H in WD compared to PW). RESULTS: Compared to HV, migraineurs recorded interictally had significantly less habituation of the N1-P1 TR-VEP component over subsequent blocks and they tended to have a smaller 1(st) block amplitude. 1H amplitude in the 1(st) block of WD SS-VEP was significantly greater than in HV and habituated in successive blocks, contrasting with an amplitude increase in HV. Both the interictal TR-VEP and SS-VEP abnormalities normalized during an attack. There was no significant between group difference in the PW 2H amplitude and its attenuation. When data of HV and migraine patients were combined, the habituation slope of WD-VEP 1H was negatively correlated with that of TR-VEP N1-P1 and with number of days since the last migraine attack. CONCLUSION: These results are in favour of a migraine cycle-dependent imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the visual cortex. We hypothesize that an interictal hypoactivity of monaminergic pathways may cause a functional disconnection of the thalamus in migraine leading to an abnormal intracortical short-range lateral inhibition that could contribute to the habituation deficit observed during stimulus repetition