Patient demographics.

<p>Where data for three groups are given, P values refer to probabilities that the parameter differs significantly between the 3 groups, otherwise the probabilities refer to differences between the two diabetic groups.</p>*<p>indicates a statistically significant p-value of ≤0.05.</p

Baseline data for well-controlled (HbA1c ≤7.5%) and poorly-controlled (HbA1c >7.5%) diabetic patients (including both T1DM and T2DM) for all ocular parameters.

<p>Aberrations were measured for 6 mm pupils.</p>*<p>indicates a statistically significant p-value of ≤0.05.</p

Mean changes over time in the components of refractive error (MSE, J0, and J45) from baseline measurements for each group.

<p>T2DM are represented as diamonds; T1DM are represented as squares; control subjects are represented as triangles. The error bars show ± SEM.</p

Change in blood glucose levels from baseline over time for each group.

<p>T2DM are represented as diamonds; T1DM are represented as squares; control subjects are represented as triangles. The error bars represent 1 standard error of the mean (SD/√n). Subjects ate their meals around 0900, 1330 and 1730 hours. Mean baseline blood glucose levels as determined with the Hemocue test were 11.1±5.0 mM/l (200±90 mg/dl) for the T1DM; 8.3±3.0 mM/l (149±54 mg/dl) for T2DM; and 4.6±0.5 mM/l (83±9 mg/dl) for the control subjects.</p

Mean change from baseline measurements for ocular parameters CCT, ACD, LT, and AL over time for each group (A) and the relative value of each parameter (i.e. the absolute value of the parameter divided by its baseline value) as a function of time (B).

<p>T2DM are represented as diamonds; T1DM are represented as squares; control subjects are represented as triangles. The error bars show ± SEM.</p

Νatural pupil diameter (in mm) of the dominant eye during Pulfrich recordings.

<p>The non-dominant eye was wearing a contact lens with an aperture of 2.5 or 1.5 mm in diameter. The values in parentheses correspond to the interocular illuminance ratio, i.e. the ratio of the retinal illuminance in the dominant eye to that of the non-dominant eye, calculated from the relative pupil areas.</p

Values of ND filter required to null the Pulfrich effect as a function of time.

<p>The non-dominant eye was wearing a 2.5 mm (circles) or a 1.5 mm lens (squares). Data for subject SP (left) and TG (right) at high (open symbols) and low (filled symbols) photopic levels are presented. The average values of ND filter required to null the Pulfrich effect, when placed in front of the dominant eye, for all conditions are also shown. The dotted / dashed lines form a linear regressions for Days 0 to 7.</p

Effect of CL aperture luminance levels on a characteristic VEP waveform.

<p>Grand-averaged (64 epochs) monocular VEP waveforms from one subject at high (30 cd/m², left) and low (5 cd/m², right) photopic levels for a natural pupil (black line) and with a contact lens of 2.5 mm (dark grey line) and 1.5 mm (light grey line) aperture. P100 latency is indicated in ms.</p

Observed vs. predicted values of ND filter required to null the Pulfrich effect.

<p>Average data are shown for the 2 observers and the 2 luminance conditions. Predicted ND values are based simply on relative pupil areas. The non-dominant eye was wearing a small-aperture CL of 1.5 or 2.5 mm in diameter. The dotted line represents exact agreement with predictions. The dashed lines form regression fits. The bars indicate ±1 SD during the 7 days of the trial.</p

Interocular differences in VEP latency as a function of the interocular ratio of retinal illuminance.

<p>VEP latency is averaged for recordings between Day 0 and Day 7 and is plotted for two photopic luminance levels (30 vs. 5 cd/m²). The results of an earlier study<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075987#pone.0075987-Plainis1" target="_blank">[14]</a> using 7 subjects are shown for comparison. The bars indicate ±1 SD.</p