Baseline characteristics^* and observed percentage of CVD^** in 4878 men and 5646 women by parental MI in the MORGEN-cohort.

<p>*Data are presented as mean, SD or %.</p><p>**CVD events during an average follow-up of 10 years.</p><p>BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoproteïn; MI, myocardial infarction; CVD, cardiovascular diseases.</p

Associations of incident stroke by quartiles of EPA-DHA intake in 20,069 Dutch men and women¹.

<p>Abbreviations: EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p>1<p>Values are HR with 95% CI in quartiles (Q1–Q4) of EPA-DHA intake, using Q1 as the reference category.</p>2<p>International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes were I60–I66 and G45 for total stroke; I63, I65, I66, and G45 for ischemic stroke and I60–I62 for hemorrhagic stroke.</p>3<p>Model 1: adjusted for age.</p>4<p>Model 3: additionally adjusted for smoking, BMI, educational level, parental history of myocardial infarction, alcohol intake, total energy intake, dietary fiber, vitamin C, beta-carotene, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.</p

Associations of incident stroke by quartiles of fish consumption in 20,069 Dutch men and women¹.

<p>Abbreviations: HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval.</p>1<p>Values are HR with 95% CI in quartiles (Q1–Q4) of fish intake, using Q1 as the reference category.</p>2<p>International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes were I60–I66 and G45 for total stroke; I63, I65, I66, and G45 for ischemic stroke and I60–I62 for hemorrhagic stroke.</p>3<p>Model 1: adjusted for age.</p>4<p>Model 2: additionally adjusted for smoking, BMI, educational level, parental history of myocardial infarction, alcohol intake, total energy intake, dietary fiber, vitamin C, beta-carotene, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.</p

Associations of incident coronary heart disease and stroke by quintiles of energy-adjusted ALA intake in 20,069 Dutch men and women¹.

<p>Footnotes <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0017967#pone-0017967-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p><p>ALA: alpha-linolenic acid; Q1–Q5: quintiles.</p>1<p>Values are hazard ratios (95% CI), with the first quintile as the reference category.</p>2<p>Model 1: adjusted for age and gender (n = 20,069).</p>3<p>Model 2: model 1 with additional adjustments for body mass index, total energy intake, cigarette smoking, educational level, parental history of myocardial infarction, alcohol intake (n = 19,896).</p>4<p>Model 3: model 2 with additional adjustments for intake of vitamin C, beta-carotene, fiber, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids other than ALA (n = 19,896).</p

Associations of incident CHD and stroke by quintiles of energy-adjusted ALA intake from other sources than salad dressings in 20,069 Dutch men and women¹.

<p>Footnotes <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0017967#pone-0017967-t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>.</p><p>ALA: alpha-linolenic acid; Q1–Q5: quintiles.</p>1<p>Values are hazard ratios (95% CI), with the first quintile as the reference category.</p>2<p>Analyses on ALA from other sources than salad dressings are adjusted for ALA in salad dressings in all models.</p>3<p>Model 1: adjusted for age and gender (n = 20,069).</p>4<p>Model 2: model 1 with additional adjustments for body mass index, total energy intake, cigarette smoking, educational level, parental history of myocardial infarction, alcohol intake (n = 19,896).</p>5<p>Model 3: model 2 with additional adjustments for intake of vitamin C, beta-carotene, fiber, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids other than ALA (n = 19,896).</p>6<p>Model 4: model 3 with additional adjustment for raw vegetables (n = 19,896).</p

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of CHD incidence by quartiles of fruit. and vegetable intake of 20,069 Dutch participants¹.

1<p>Hazard ratios (95% CIs) were obtained from Cox proportional hazards models. Model 1 was adjusted for age and gender (<i>n</i> = 20,069). Model 2 was the same as model 1 with additional adjustments for energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking status, educational level, dietary supplement use, use of hormone replacement therapy, family history of MI before 60, BMI (<i>n</i> = 19,819). Model 3 was adjusted as model 2 with additional adjustments for intake of fish, whole grain foods and processed meat (<i>n</i> = 19,819).</p>2<p>Reference group.</p>3<p>Additionally adjusted for processed fruit and vegetable intake.</p>4<p>Additionally adjusted for raw fruit and vegetable intake.</p

The association of incident total stroke by quintiles of energy-adjusted ALA intake ^1,2.

<p>¹ Hazard ratios (95% CI) with the first quintile as the reference category, adjusted for age, gender, body mass index total energy intake, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, education level, parental history of myocardial infarction, intake of vitamin C, beta-carotene, fiber, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids other than ALA. ² ALA: alpha-linolenic acid; Q1–Q5: quintiles.</p

Incidence rates of total stroke and stroke subtypes in 20,069 Dutch men and women, aged 20–65 y.

<p>Abbreviation: TIA, transient ischemic attack.</p>1<p>Incidence rates per 10,000 person years.</p>2<p>International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes were I60–I66 and G45 for total stroke; I63, I65, I66, for ischemic stroke excluding TIA, G45 for TIA, and I60–I62 for hemorrhagic stroke.</p

Baseline characteristics of 20,069 Dutch men and women, aged 20–65 y, by quartiles of EPA-DHA intake.

<p>Abbreviations: EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; Q, quartiles.</p>1<p>University or higher vocation training.</p>2<p>Available for participants enrolled between 1994 and 1997 (n = 15,423).</p>3<p>Nonfasting.</p

Demographic and lifestyle characteristics by quartiles of fruit and vegetable consumption of 20,069 Dutch participants¹.

1<p>Data are presented as mean (SD) or percentages.</p>2<p>100 gram of fruit and vegetables equals 1 medium-sized piece of fruit or 1 cup cut-up raw fruit, fruit juice, cooked vegetables, or 2 cups raw leafy vegetables.</p>3<p>Low educational level is defined as primary school and lower, intermediate general education.</p>4<p>High alcohol consumption is defined as >1 glass per day in women and >2 glasses per day in men.</p>5<p>Physically active on 5 d/wk and ≥0.5 hr/d with an intensity of ≥4 metabolic equivalents. In sub sample of participants enrolled from 1994 onwards (<i>n</i> = 15,433).</p>6<p>Family history of AMI is defined as occurrence of AMI before 55y of the father or before 65y of the mother.</p>7<p>Fish consumption is defined as the highest quartile of fish intake (median: 17 g/d, i.e. ∼1 portion of fish/week).</p