26 research outputs found
A synthesis of ecosystem management strategies for forests in the face of chronic nitrogen deposition
Total nitrogen (N) deposition has declined in many parts of the U.S. and Europe since the 1990s. Even so, it appears that decreased N deposition alone may be insufficient to induce recovery from the impacts of decades of elevated deposition, suggesting that management interventions may be necessary to promote recovery. Here we review the effectiveness of four remediation approaches (prescribed burning, thinning, liming, carbon addition) on three indicators of recovery from N deposition (decreased soil N availability, increased soil alkalinity, increased plant diversity), focusing on literature from the U.S. We reviewed papers indexed in the Web of Science since 1996 using specific key words, extracted data on the responses to treatment along with ancillary data, and conducted a meta-analysis using a three-level variance model structure. We found 69 publications (and 2158 responses) that focused on one of these remediation treatments in the context of N deposition, but only 29 publications (and 408 responses) reported results appropriate for our meta-analysis. We found that carbon addition was the only treatment that decreased N availability (effect size: −1.80 to −1.84 across metrics), while liming, thinning, and prescribed burning all tended to increase N availability (effect sizes: +0.4 to +1.2). Only liming had a significant positive effect on soil alkalinity (+10.5%–82.2% across metrics). Only prescribed burning and thinning affected plant diversity, but with opposing and often statistically marginal effects across metrics (i.e., increased richness, decreased Shannon or Simpson diversity). Thus, it appears that no single treatment is effective in promoting recovery from N deposition, and combinations of treatments should be explored. These conclusions are based on the limited published data available, underscoring the need for more studies in forested areas and more consistent reporting suitable for meta-analyses across studies
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The Response of Juvenile Alewives to Water Currents in an Experimental Chamber
The response of juvenile alewives to water currents in an experimental chamber was examined. Fish showed greater movement from the center of the chamber when water was flowing then when under static conditions. Fish oriented strongly to currents, and there direction of movement may have been influenced by current velocity. Responses to currents were similar in fresh and seawater
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Factors Influencing the Seasonal and Daily Patterns of Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) Migration in a Rhode Island River
1485-149
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Migratory Behavior and Growth of Juvenile Anadromous Alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, in a Rhode Island Drainage
The majority of juvenile alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) migrating seaward from Hamilton Reservoir, North Kingstown, Rhode Island, did so on less than 10 per cent of the total days of their period of residence in freshwater during 1970, 1971, and 1972. Extensive migration occurred following increases in pond outflow, abrupt water temperature declines, and/or precipitation. Daily patterns of movement were unimodal, with maximum movement occurring in mid-afternoon. Groups of fish migrating downstream during periods of extensive migration were random portions of the pond population. Growth rates varied in different parts of the drainage system. A model of the behavioral basis for seaward migration of juvenile alewives from ponds and lakes is presented
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Review of research and technologies on passage and protection of downstream migrating catadromous eels at hydroelectric facilities
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