Granica izlaganja formaldehidu u alkoholnim pićima

Formaldehyde has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (WHO IARC group 1). It causes leukaemia and nasopharyngeal cancer, and was described to regularly occur in alcoholic beverages. However, its risk associated with consumption of alcohol has not been systematically studied, so this study will provide the first risk assessment of formaldehyde for consumers of alcoholic beverages. Human dietary intake of formaldehyde via alcoholic beverages in the European Union was estimated based on WHO alcohol consumption data and literature on formaldehyde contents of different beverage groups (beer, wine, spirits, and unrecorded alcohol). The risk assessment was conducted using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach with benchmark doses (BMD) for 10 % effect obtained from dose-response modelling of animal experiments. For tumours in male rats, a BMD of 30 mg kg-1 body weight per day and a “BMD lower confi dence limit” (BMDL) of 23 mg kg-1 d-1 were calculated from available long-term animal experiments. The average human exposure to formaldehyde from alcoholic beverages was estimated at 8·10-5 mg kg-1 d-1. Comparing the human exposure with BMDL, the resulting MOE was above 200,000 for average scenarios. Even in the worst-case scenarios, the MOE was never below 10,000, which is considered to be the threshold for public health concerns. The risk assessment shows that the cancer risk from formaldehyde to the alcohol-consuming population is negligible and the priority for risk management (e.g. to reduce the contamination) is very low. The major risk in alcoholic beverages derives from ethanol and acetaldehyde.Formaldehid je kancerogen za ljude te je klasificiran u skupinu 1 prema WHO IARC-u. Uzrokuje leukemiju i nazofaringealni karcinom, a navodi se i kao redoviti sastojak alkoholnih pića. Međutim, rizik od izlaganja formaldehidu konzumacijom alkoholnih pića nije sustavno istražen pa će ovo istraživanje pružiti prvu takvu procjenu rizika. Količina formaldehida koju ljudi unose alkoholnim pićima u Europskoj je uniji procijenjena temeljem podataka Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije o konzumaciji alkohola i literature o sadržaju formaldehida u različitim skupinama alkoholnih pića (pivo, vino, jaka alkoholna pića i neregistrirani alkohol). Procjena rizika obavljena je korištenjem pristupa granice izlaganja (eng. margin of exposure, MOE) i graničnih doza (eng. benchmark doses, BMD) za 10 %-tni učinak koji se postiže modeliranjem odnosa doza-odgovor u ispitivanjima provedenima na životinjama. BMD od 30 mg kg-1 tjelesne težine na dan i BMD s nižom granicom pouzdanosti (BMDL) od 23 mg kg-1 d-1 izračunati su za tumore kod mužjaka štakora temeljem raspoloživih dugotrajnih ispitivanja provedenih na životinjama. Prosječno izlaganje ljudi formaldehidu u alkoholnim pićima procijenjeno je na 8·10-5 mg kg-1 d-1. U usporedbi s BMDL vrijednošću krajnji MOE je iznosio više od 200.000 u prosječnim situacijama. Čak i u najlošijim situacijama MOE nije nikada bio niži od 10.000, što se smatra graničnom vrijednošću za zdravlje ljudi. Procjena rizika pokazuje da je rizik od nastanka karcinoma uslijed izlaganja formaldehidu iz alkoholnih pića zanemariv te da je prioritet upravljanja rizikom u takvim slučajevima (npr. kako bi se smanjila kontaminacija) vrlo nizak. Najveći rizik proizlazi iz etanola i acetaldehida koji se također nalaze u alkoholnim pićima

Generation of standard gaseous mixtures using pneumatic generator

W pracy przedstawiono konstrukcję pneumatycznego generatora wzorcowych mieszanin gazowych przeznaczonych do kalibracji różnych analizatorów gazów. Pneumatyczny generator wzorcowych mieszanin gazowych może być również wykorzystywany do wytwarzania mieszanin oddechowych dla nurków pracujących na różnych głębokościach. Błąd bezwzględny wykonania mieszanin dwuskładnikowych i trójskładnikowych za pomocą skonstruowanego generatora nie przekracza 2%.The paper presents the construction of pneumatic generator for obtaining standard gaseous mixtures used for calibration of different gas analyzers. The system consists of gas cylinders with appropriate valves, electromagnetic valves, pneumatic containers, mixer and pulse suppressor. The generator is operated by programmed controller. The operator adjusts only the initial parameters, i.e. time of opening of inlet and outlet valves, pressure values, number of gas rations and composition of the desired gas mixture (two or three components). The developed program is responsible for automatic preparation of the desired mixture after pushing button "Start". The results are displayed on a screen enabling correction of initial parameters. The pneumatic generator of standard gaseous mixtures may be also applied for generating of breathing mixtures for divers working at different depths. The maximum error for binary and ternary gaseous mixtures generation does not exceeds 2%. The correctness of the desired mixture composition strongly depends on the leak tightness of the whole system. Filling and emptying times of pneumatic volumes also influences on the final results

Selecting optimal parameters for the UV-HS-SPME-GC-FID method for assessing oxidative stability of edible oils

Celem przeprowadzonych badań był dobór optymalnych parametrów nowej metody diagnozowania jakości olejów na podstawie oznaczenia lotnych związków będących produktami reakcji utleniania tych olejów. Przed analizą próbki rafinowanych olejów roślinnych poddano procesowi przyspieszonego utleniania, stosując naświetlanie promieniowaniem ultrafioletowym (12 W, 254 nm). Jako technikę przygotowania próbki do analizy zastosowano mikroekstrakcję do fazy stacjonarnej z fazy nadpowierzchniowej (HS-SPME). Dobrano optymalne parametry tej techniki (włókno DVB/CAR/PDMS, objętość próbki 8 ml, czas i temperatura ekstrakcji odpowiednio 15 min i 30 °C). Wyznaczono również niektóre parametry walidacyjne. Precyzja i czułość metody, wyrażone jako współczynnik zmienności CV (< 10 %) i granica wykrywalności LOD (w przedziale 162 – 346 μg/kg), okazały się zadowalające dla tego typu oznaczeń. Oznaczenie składu próbek dokonano na podstawie czasów retencji substancji wzorcowych, stosując kapilarną chromatografię gazową z detektorem płomieniowo-jonizacyjnym (kolumna SPB-20, Supelco, 30 m x 0,25 mm x 1 μm).The objective of the research conducted was to select optimal parameters for a new method used to assess the quality of oils based on the determination of volatile compounds - oxidation products of those oils. Prior to the analysis, the samples of refined edible oils were oxidized during an accelerated oxidation process using UV irradiation (12 W, 254 nm). A technique used to prepare samples for analysis was the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Optimal parameters of this technique were selected (DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre of 2 cm and of 50/30 μm; 8 ml volume of the sample; time and temperature of extraction: 15 min/30 °C, respectively). Additionally, some validation parameters were determined. The precision and sensitivity of this method, expressed as CV variation coefficient (< 10 %) and as LOD limit of detection (within the range from 162 to 346 μg/kg) appeared to be satisfactory for the determinations of this type. The composition of the samples analyzed was determined on the basis of standard compounds retention times using capillary gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (column: SPB-20, Supelco, 30 m x 0,25 mm x 1 μm)

Instrumentalne techniki oceny jakości żywności

Two instrumental techniques applied for food quality assessment such as gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and electronic nose (e-nose) are characterized. The principle of each technique and typical analytical approaches in odour determination are briefly described. Furthermore, the examples of applications, performed also in the author’s laboratory, are given.Scharakteryzowano dwie techniki instrumentalne stosowane w ocenie jakości produktów spożywczych, tj. chromatografię gazową w połączeniu z detekcją olfaktometryczną oraz nos elektroniczny. Opisano zasady działania obu technik oraz typowe procedury analityczne stosowane w ocenie zapachu. Ponadto podano przykłady praktycznego zastosowania obu technik, włącznie z tymi, które wykorzystano w pracowni autorów

Mobile Monitoring System for Air Quality Control

Zaprezentowano mobilny system monitoringu, który umożliwia kontrolę zanieczyszczeń powietrza atmosferycznego wzdłuż ciągów komunikacyjnych. W opracowanym systemie stacja monitorująca charakteryzuje się stosunkowo niewielkimi rozmiarami i zawiera układ elektroniczny autorskiego rozwiązania do pomiaru, zapisu i transmisji drogą radiową na serwer www pomierzonych stężeń związków chemicznych. Opracowane rozwiązanie jest stosunkowo tanie w budowie i eksploatacji, gdyż należy do tzw. urządzeń bezobsługowych. Przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki z przeprowadzonych testów funkcjonalnych w warunkach rzeczywistych.The paper presents a mobile monitoring system for main air pollutants in the cities. The novelty of the proposed system is connected with the fact that it can be used to monitor emissions from urban traffic along roads and those areas, where traditional monitoring stations cannot be placed. In the proposed system, a mobile monitoring station may be attached to private cars, buses, trucks etc. Stations in this system are small, have portable structures and contain an electronic instrument used to measure, record and transmit the concentration of various pollutants to the Website. The proposed station should be cheap, reliable, not requiring frequent routine maintenance procedures like calibration and filter changes. The test results in the real conditions are presented

Functionalized iron hydroxyapatite as eco‐friendly catalyst for NH 3 ‐SCR reaction: activity and role of iron speciation on the surface

Eco-friendly catalysts have been obtained by functionalizing hydroxyapatite (HAP) with iron (Fe/HAP), according to three preparative methods (flash ionic exchange, deposition-precipitation, and impregnation). Fe/HAP samples (ca. 2–7 wt.% Fe) have been tested in the reaction of NOx reduction by ammonia (NH3 -SCR) in the 120–500°C interval with different NH3 /NO ratios (0.6–2) at fixed contact time (0.12 s). All Fe/HAP samples were active and selective in the NH3 -SCR reaction starting from ca. 350°C. Better performances have been observed on catalysts prepared by deposition-precipitation and impregnation (about 70% of NOx conversion and selectivity to N2 higher than 95% at 350°C), where α-Fe2O3 and 3D-Fe2O3 nanoclusters were present, as indicated by Mössbauer and UV-Vis-DR spectroscopies. On the opposite, paramagnetic Fe3+ centres were the predominant species on samples prepared by flash ionic exchange. Further characterization techniques (XRPD, N2 -physisorption, acidity by NH3 adsorption, and H2 -TPR) have concurred to elucidate Fesitting HAP and structure-activity relationships.Fil: Campisi, Sebastiano. Università degli Studi di Milano; ItaliaFil: Galloni, Melissa G.. Università degli Studi di Milano; ItaliaFil: Marchetti, Sergio Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Auroux, Aline. Université Claude Bernard Lyon; FranciaFil: Postole, Georgeta. Université Claude Bernard Lyon; FranciaFil: Gervasini, Antonella. Università degli Studi di Milano; Itali