Early-Season Phenology and Temporal Dynamics of the Common Asparagus Beetle, \u3ci\u3eCrioceris Asparagi\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Southern Minnesota

During the years 1991-1994, studies were conducted to determine the early-season phenology and temporal dynamics of Crioceris asparagi (L.) (Co- leoptera: Chrysomelidae) in southern Minnesota asparagus. To document the early-season phenology, asparagus plots were sampled for egg, larval, and adult stages of C. asparagi during the months of May and June. Temporal dynamics of C. asparagi were determined by measuring the diurnal activity of adults and sampling asparagus plots at specific times (7 am, 9 am, 11 am, 1 pm, 3 pm and 5 pm) throughout May and June. We first detected C. asparagi adults in early May and they remained active throughout the sampling period. Eggs and larvae were also found; larval infestations on spears, however, were consistently lower than those for eggs. The temporal dynamics of C. asparagi adults showed that a higher percentage of asparagus plants were observed to be infested with beetles during the afternoon hours of 1 and 5 pm. The information provided in this paper illustrates the importance of determining the optimum time of day for sampling and will assist in properly targeting sampling efforts in future asparagus research and integrated pest management (IPM) programs

CONSOLIDATION IN THE FRESH FLORIDA GRAPEFRUIT PACKING INDUSTRY

First-order, homogeneous, stationary Markov models are used to compare patterns of adjustment among Florida fresh grapefruit packers between the 1970/71-1983/84 and 1987/88-1999/00 periods, and 1970/71-1994/95 and 1995/95-1999/00 periods, respectively. Despite sweeping aggregate trends impacting fresh produce markets, there was insufficient evidence to identify significant differences in the patterns of adjustment in the packing sector during the later time periods. Comparisons with actual firm numbers are indicative of an industry near equilibrium. While individual firms enter and exit the different states, currently there are no profound structural changes pointing to major concentration.Industrial Organization,

Fresh Grapefruit Supply-Chain Adjustments: Consolidation in Produce Packing?

This study evaluates long-term structural adjustments in fresh grapefruit packing under aggregate market pressures, including those from retail concentration. While individual firms enter and exit, Markov-model results are indicative of an industry near equilibrium with little expectation of change in the distribution of firm sizes given existing patterns of sector adjustment. Estimation of Lorenz curves and corresponding Gini coefficients fully support Markov analysis findings. Lags in the packing sector adjustment process in the face of sweeping forces of change in fresh produce markets are likely to put this sector at a relative disadvantage within the supply chain.Crop Production/Industries,

Growing Up in the South: An Anthology of Modern Southern Literature

Something about the South has inspired the imaginations of an extraordinary number of America’s best storytellers—and greatest writers. That quality may be a rich, unequivocal sense of place, a living connection with the past, or the contradictions and passions that endow this region with awesome beauty and equally awesome tragedy. The stories in this superb collection of modern Southern writing are about childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood—in other words, about growing up in the South. Flannery O’Connor’s “Everything That Rises Must Converge,” set in a South that remains segregated even after segregation is declared illegal, is the story of a white college student who chastises his mother for her prejudice against blacks. But black, white, aristocrat, or sharecropper, each of these 23 authors is unmistakably Southern—and their writing is indisputably wonderful.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1036/thumbnail.jp

Black and White

Continued popular perception and past scholarly analysis of the South as a region to be mapped in black and white is not surprising, given that African slaves were brought to Virginia in 1619, a Civil War was fought over the enslavement of black people, a bloody civil rights movement was needed to end the de jure racial segregation and racial violence that followed, and much ink continues to be spilled over the de facto social segregation that lingers outside the workplace. But since the turn of the twenty-first century, many scholars have come to view this biracial rendering as a problematic obsession, diverting attention from the varieties of multiracial, transnational experiences that have equally been part of the region\u27s history and culture.1 As a term, biracial can be restrictive because it often posits separation rather than mixing and blending of people but even more so because it may only suggest the possibility of two absolute, flattening categories in a world of complex ethnic origins and makeups. However, as we turn our attention to analyses of races and ethnic groups that have been omitted in southern studies, we should not ignore issues in black and white that are still ongoing, even as they are changing in significant ways

Crossing the Color Line: Readings in Black and White

The complex truth about the color line -- its destructive effects, painful legacy, clandestine crossings, possible erasure -- is revealed more often in private than in public and has sometimes been visited more easily by novelists than historians. In this tradition, Crossing the Color Line, a powerful collection of nineteen contemporary stories, speaks the unspoken, explores the hidden, and voices both fear and hope about relationships between blacks and whites. The volume opens with stories by Alice Adams, Toni Cade Bambara, Ellen Douglas, Reynolds Price, Ekwueme Michael Thelwell, and John A. Williams that focus on misunderstandings created by racial stereotypes and by mislabeling cultural differences. In a second group of stories, Anthony Grooms, Randall Kenan, James Alan McPherson, Toni Morrison, Frances Sherwood, Alice Walker, and Joan Williams examine situations that promote understanding, even when relationships between blacks and whites are complicated by charged issues of politics, religion, class, gender, and sexual orientation. The final section features recent stories that turn on personal similarities as often as racial differences, but even here the legacy of racism lingers. It tests the emerging friendship of Alyce Miller\u27s women, the professional relationship of David Means\u27s men, the alliances between Clifford Thompson\u27s college students, the romance of Reginald McKnight\u27s interracial couple, and the business venture between Elizabeth Spencer\u27s white woman and black man. Much of the power and poignancy of these recent stories, however, comes from their portrayal of how equal and amiable relationships can cross the color line.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1038/thumbnail.jp

City Folks in Hoot Owl Holler: Narrative Strategy in Lee Smith\u27s Oral History

Over the years American writers have perceived Appalachia differently depending on how America has perceived itself. While those who have approved of the American way of life have looked down on mountain life, those who have disapproved have seen Appalachia as an alternative culture from which America might take a lesson (Appalachia, 65). In 1873 the journalist William Harney and the editors of Lippincott Magazine discovered Appalachia, and historian Henry Shapiro argues that since then America has thought of this mountainous portion of eight southern states as a discreet region, in but not of America (Appalachia, 4). In the 1870\u27s writers caught up in what they saw as America\u27s progress saw Appalachia as behind the times. For vacationers and local-color writers, who looked with wonder at colorful people, quaint customs, and picturesque scenes, Appalachia was a measure of how far America had come. At the turn of the century when writers of uplift literature accompanied the missionaries and teachers to the region, America\u27s success became a measure of how far Appalachia had to go. These outsiders viewed Appalachians as ignorant, isolated hillbillies, poor, shiftless, and easily provoked

Childhood Trauma and Its Reverberations in Bebe Moore Campbell\u27s Your Blues Ain\u27t Like Mine

Novelist Bebe Moore Campbell was only five when Emmett Till was murdered on August 28, 1955. But in Your Blues Ain\u27t Like Mine (1992) she seeks to answer the question that black teenagers in Mississippi, and indeed many people from all over the United States, asked after seeing the photograph of Till\u27s mutilated and bloated body: How could they do that to him? He\u27s only a boy (Dittmer 58). Campbell embraces the view that Lillian Smith expressed in Killers of the Dream (1949): The warped, distorted frame we have put around every Negro child from birth is around every white child also. Each is on a different side of the frame but each is pinioned there (30-31). Campbell\u27s decision to open her novel with the white woman\u27s perspective and then move on to the black youth\u27s consciousness signals her determination to name all the sources of pain and powerlessness that led to Till\u27s murder. Your Blues Ain\u27t Like Mine explores the consequences of being psychically abused during childhood, whether because of race or class or gender or color, and the possibilities for reconciliation between blacks and whites, between men and women, and across class lines. In a departure from the earlier literary chroniclers of Emmett Till\u27s story, Campbell begins her novel with his murder but then writes hope into the aftermath. To accomplish this feat she widens her focus from Mississippi to Chicago and fast-forwards her narrative into the present