RNA-seq Analysis Reveals That an ECF σ Factor, AcsS, Regulates Achromobactin Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a

Iron is an essential micronutrient for Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B728a and many other microorganisms; therefore, B728a has evolved methods of iron acquirement including the use of iron-chelating siderophores. In this study an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor, AcsS, encoded within the achromobactin gene cluster is shown to be a major regulator of genes involved in the biosynthesis and secretion of this siderophore. However, production of achromobactin was not completely abrogated in the deletion mutant, implying that other regulators may be involved such as PvdS, the sigma factor that regulates pyoverdine biosynthesis. RNA-seq analysis identified 287 genes that are differentially expressed between the AcsS deletion mutant and the wild type strain. These genes are involved in iron response, secretion, extracellular polysaccharide production, and cell motility. Thus, the transcriptome analysis supports a role for AcsS in the regulation of achromobactin production and the potential activity of both AcsS and achromobactin in the plant-associated lifestyle of strain B728a

Riscos e benefícios do uso de plantas transgênicas na agricultura Risks and benefits of transgenic plants to agriculture

O desenvolvimento de técnicas de DNA recombinante possibilitou a produção de plantas transgênicas através da transferência de genes de bactérias, vírus ou animais para as espécies vegetais. Como resultado desta tecnologia, já estão disponíveis ao melhoramento de plantas novas fontes de genes e plantas com resistência a doenças e insetos, tolerância a herbicidas e estresses ambientais e com qualidade superior. O objetivo desta revisão é apontar riscos, benefícios e aspectos importantes no uso de plantas transgênicas na agricultura. Entre as questões que vêm sendo discutidas a respeito de testes a campo de plantas transgênicas, pode-se destacar a segurança dos genes marcadores (especialmente os que conferem resistência a antibióticos ou tolerância a herbicidas) e o fluxo gênico entre espécies vegetais. Apesar dos Estados Unidos da América e a Comunidade Européia possuírem legislações para regulamentar os testes a campo e a liberação de plantas transgênicas em escala comercial, não existe uma legislação internacional que regulamente o uso desses produtos em outras partes do mundo. O impacto da tecnologia do DNA recombinante na produção de novos produtos agrícolas dependerá do entendimento pela sociedade dos riscos e benefícios que essa tecnologia poderá trazer para a agricultura.<br>The development of recombinant DNA techniques has enabled gene transfer between plants and bacteria, virus or animais to produce transgenic plants. As a result of this technology, there are new genes and plants available to plant breeding for disease and insect resistance, herbicide and environmental stresses tolerance, and for superior quality products. The objectives of this review are topoint out the risks, benefits and importam aspects in using transgenic plants in agriculture. Among the important issues that have been discussed about field tests with transgenic plants, two have received more attention: the safety of marker genes (specially those that confer resistance to antibiotics or herbicides tolerance) and the gene flow between cultivated and wild plant species. Even though the United States of América and the European Community have strict ruies which regulate the field tests and the commercial release of transgenic plants, there are no international laws to regulate the se issues in other parts of the world. The impact of the recombinant DNA technology on the production of new agricultural products will depend on the understanding of their risks and benefits by the society

Transgenic Brassica chinensis plants expressing a bacterial codA gene exhibit enhanced tolerance to extreme temperature and high salinity*

Transgenic Brassica compestris L. spp. chinensis plants expressing a choline oxidase (codA) gene from Arthrobacter globiformis were obtained through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. In the transgenic plants, codA gene expression and its product transportation to chloroplasts were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) examination, immunogold localization, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Stress tolerance was evaluated in the T3 plants under extreme temperature and salinity conditions. The plants of transgenic line 1 (L1) showed significantly higher net photosynthetic rate (P n) and P n recovery rate under high (45 °C, 4 h) and low temperature (1 °C, 48 h) treatments, and higher photosynthetic rate under high salinity conditions (100, 200, and 300 mmol/L NaCl, respectively) than the wild-type plants. The enhanced tolerance to high temperature and high salinity stresses in transgenic plants is associated with the accumulation of betaine, which is not found in the wild-type plants. Our results indicate that the introduction of codA gene from Arthrobacter globiformis into Brassica compestris L. spp. chinensis could be a potential strategy for improving the plant tolerance to multiple stresses