Quark-Jet model for transverse momentum dependent fragmentation functions

In order to describe the hadronization of polarized quarks, we discuss an extension of the quark-jet model to transverse momentum dependent fragmentation functions. The description is based on a product ansatz, where each factor in the product represents one of the transverse momentum dependent splitting functions, which can be calculated by using effective quark theories. The resulting integral equations and sum rules are discussed in detail for the case of inclusive pion production. In particular, we demonstrate that the 3-dimensional momentum sum rules are satisfied naturally in this transverse momentum dependent quark-jet model. Our results are well suited for numerical calculations in effective quark theories, and can be implemented in Monte-Carlo simulations of polarized quark hadronization processes.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure

Intrinsic Periodicity of Time and Non-maximal Entropy of Universe

The universe is certainly not yet in total thermodynamical equilibrium,so clearly some law telling about special initial conditions is needed. A universe or a system imposed to behave periodically gets thereby required ``initial conditions". Those initial conditions will \underline{not} look like having already suffered the heat death, i.e. obtained the maximal entropy, like a random state. The intrinsic periodicity explains successfully why entropy is not maximal, but fails phenomenologically by leading to a \underline{constant}entropy.Comment: 8 page

An unexpected twist to the activation of IKKβ:TAK1 primes IKKβ for activation by autophosphorylation

IKKβ {IκB [inhibitor of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB)] kinase β} is required to activate the transcription factor NF-κB, but how IKKβ itself is activated in vivo is still unclear. It was found to require phosphorylation by one or more ‘upstream’ protein kinases in some reports, but by autophosphorylation in others. In the present study, we resolve this contro-versy by demonstrating that the activation of IKKβ induced by IL-1 (interleukin-1) or TNF (tumour necrosis factor) in embryonic fibroblasts, or by ligands that activate Toll-like receptors in macrophages, requires two distinct phosphorylation events: first, the TAK1 [TGFβ (transforming growth factor β)-activated kinase-1]-catalysed phosphorylation of Ser(177) and, secondly, the IKKβ-catalysed autophosphorylation of Ser(181). The phosphorylation of Ser(177) by TAK1 is a priming event required for the subsequent autophosphorylation of Ser(181), which enables IKKβ to phosphorylate exogenous substrates. We also provide genetic evidence which indicates that the IL-1-stimulated, LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex)-catalysed formation of linear ubiquitin chains and their interaction with the NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) component of the canonical IKK complex permits the TAK1-catalysed priming phosphorylation of IKKβ at Ser(177) and IKKα at Ser(176). These findings may be of general significance for the activation of other protein kinases

Orbital and spin interplay in spin-gap formation in pyroxene titanium oxides ATiSi2O6 (A=Na, Li)

Interplay between orbital and spin degrees of freedom is theoretically studied for the phase transition to the spin-singlet state with lattice dimerization in pyroxene titanium oxides ATiSi2O6 (A=Na, Li). For the quasi one-dimensional spin-1/2 systems, we derive an effective spin-orbital-lattice coupled model in the strong correlation limit with explicitly taking account of the t_2g orbital degeneracy, and investigate the model by numerical simulation as well as the mean-field analysis. We find a nontrivial feedback effect between orbital and spin degrees of freedom; as temperature decreases, development of antiferromagnetic spin correlations changes the sign of orbital correlations from antiferro to ferro type, and finally the ferro-type orbital correlations induce the dimerization and the spin-singlet formation. As a result of this interplay, the system undergoes a finite-temperature transition to the spin-dimer and orbital-ferro ordered phase concomitant with the Jahn-Teller lattice distortion. The numerical results for the magnetic susceptibility show a deviation from the Curie-Weiss behavior, and well reproduce the experimental data. The results reveal that the Jahn-Teller energy scale is considerably small and the orbital and spin exchange interactions play a decisive role in the pyroxene titanium oxides.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures; final version. Text, Fig.1, and references are revised. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Law Behind Second Law of Thermodynamics --Unification with Cosmology--

In an abstract setting of a general classical mechanical system as a model for the universe we set up a general formalism for a law behind the second law of thermodynamics, i.e. really for "initial conditions". We propose a unification with the other laws by requiring similar symmetry and locality properties.Comment: 17 page

Statistical Origin of Pseudo-Hermitian Supersymmetry and Pseudo-Hermitian Fermions

We show that the metric operator for a pseudo-supersymmetric Hamiltonian that has at least one negative real eigenvalue is necessarily indefinite. We introduce pseudo-Hermitian fermion (phermion) and abnormal phermion algebras and provide a pair of basic realizations of the algebra of N=2 pseudo-supersymmetric quantum mechanics in which pseudo-supersymmetry is identified with either a boson-phermion or a boson-abnormal-phermion exchange symmetry. We further establish the physical equivalence (non-equivalence) of phermions (abnormal phermions) with ordinary fermions, describe the underlying Lie algebras, and study multi-particle systems of abnormal phermions. The latter provides a certain bosonization of multi-fermion systems.Comment: 20 pages, to appear in J.Phys.

Two Facets of Shear Stress Post Drug Coating Balloon: Angiography Versus Optical Coherence Tomography Fusion Approach

A 58-year-old patient with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and typical angina symptoms was referred for a coronary angiogram following a computed tomography coronary angiogram showing a significant stenosis in the left circumflex artery (Figure 1A). This demonstrated moderate stenosis with a minimum lumen diameter (MLD) of 1.2 mm, diameter stenosis of 51%, and a quantitative flow ratio (QFR, Medis Imaging, Leiden, the Netherlands) assessment of 0.80 indicating a flow-limiting stenosis (Figure 1B). The patient was enrolled in the randomized TRANSFORM-I trial (Treatment of Small Coronary Vessels: MagicTouch Sirolimus Coated Balloon, NCT03913832),1 comparing the novel Magic Touch sirolimus-coated balloon (Concept Medical, Surat, India) to the SeQuent Please Neo paclitaxel-coated balloon (B.Braun, Berlin, Germany) in small vessels. The patient received treatment with a 2.5×30 mm SeQuent paclitaxel-coated balloon. The balloon was inflated for 60 s, resulting in an acute gain of 0.60 mm (MLD preprocedure versus MLD postprocedure: 1.20 versus 1.80 mm) and an improved postprocedure QFR of 0.91 (Figure 1C and 1D). The patient underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging postprocedure, which showed a minimum lumen area of 2.36 mm2 and an area stenosis of 46%, respectively. In addition, OCT revealed a nonflow-limiting dissection 12.6 mm in length (Figure 1E and 1F) that extended to the media with a maximum dissection arc of 153°, and a large dissection volume of 13.8 mm3 (Video S1)

Preparation of amino-substituted indenes and 1,4-dihydronaphthalenes using a one-pot multireaction approach: total synthesis of oxybenzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids

Allylic trichloroacetimidates bearing a 2-vinyl or 2-allylaryl group have been designed as substrates for a one-pot, two-step multi-bond-forming process leading to the general preparation of aminoindenes and amino-substituted 1,4-dihydronaphthalenes. The synthetic utility of the privileged structures formed from this one-pot process was demonstrated with the total synthesis of four oxybenzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids, oxychelerythrine, oxysanguinarine, oxynitidine, and oxyavicine. An intramolecular biaryl Heck coupling reaction, catalyzed using the Hermann–Beller palladacycle was used to effect the key step during the synthesis of the natural products

The Finite Temperature SU(2) Savvidy Model with a Non-trivial Polyakov Loop

We calculate the complete one-loop effective potential for SU(2) gauge bosons at temperature T as a function of two variables: phi, the angle associated with a non-trivial Polyakov loop, and H, a constant background chromomagnetic field. Using techniques broadly applicable to finite temperature field theories, we develop both low and high temperature expansions. At low temperatures, the real part of the effective potential V_R indicates a rich phase structure, with a discontinuous alternation between confined (phi=pi) and deconfined phases (phi=0). The background field H moves slowly upward from its zero-temperature value as T increases, in such a way that sqrt(gH)/(pi T) is approximately an integer. Beyond a certain temperature on the order of sqrt(gH), the deconfined phase is always preferred. At high temperatures, where asymptotic freedom applies, the deconfined phase phi=0 is always preferred, and sqrt(gH) is of order g^2(T)T. The imaginary part of the effective potential is non-zero at the global minimum of V_R for all temperatures. A non-perturbative magnetic screening mass of the form M_m = cg^2(T)T with a sufficiently large coefficient c removes this instability at high temperature, leading to a stable high-temperature phase with phi=0 and H=0, characteristic of a weakly-interacting gas of gauge particles. The value of M_m obtained is comparable with lattice estimates.Comment: 28 pages, 5 eps figures; RevTeX 3 with graphic