189 research outputs found
Neutrino oscillations in matter of varying density
We consider two-family neutrino oscillations in a medium of
continuously-varying density as a limit of the process in a series of
constant-density layers. We construct analytic expressions for the conversion
amplitude at high energies within a medium with a density profile that is
piecewise linear. We compare some cases to understand the type of effects that
depend on the order of the material traversed by a neutrino beam.Comment: 10 page
Generation of Earth's early continents from a relatively cool Archean mantle
This research has been supported by DFG grant, SPP 1833 Building a Habitable Earth and MAGMA Consolidator Grant (ERC project #71143).Several lines of evidence suggest that the Archean (4.0 2.5 Ga) mantle was hotter than today's potential temperature (TP) of  1350 ° C. However, the magnitude of such difference is poorly constrained, with TP estimation spanning from 1500 ° C to 1600 ° C during the MesoâArchean (3.2â2.8 Ga). Such differences have major implications for the interpreted mechanisms of continental crust generation on the early Earth, as their efficacy is highly sensitive to the TP. Here, we integrate petrological modeling with thermomechanical simulations to understand the dynamics of crust formation during Archean. Our results predict that partial melting of primitive oceanic crust produces felsic melts with geochemical signatures matching those observed in Archean cratons from a mantle TP as low as 1450 ° C thanks to lithosphericâscale RayleighâTaylorâtype instabilities. These simulations also infer the occurrence of intraplate deformation events that allow an efficient transport of crustal material into the mantle, hydrating it.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
On dynamics of fermion generations
The hierarchy of fermion masses and EW symmetry breaking without elementary
Higgs is studied on the basis of strong gauge field distributions governing the
EW dynamics. The mechanism of symmetry breaking due to quark bilinears
condensation is generalized to the case, when higher field correlators are
present in the EW vacuum. Resulting wave functional yields several minima of
quark bilinears, giving masses of three (or more) generations. Mixing is
suggested to be due to kink solutions of the same wave functional. For a
special form of this mixing ("coherent mixing") a realistic hierarhy of masses
and of CKM coefficients is obtained and arguments in favor of the fourth
generation are given. Possible important role of topological charges for CP
violating phases and small masses of the first generation is stressed.Comment: 31 pages, typos corrected, references adde
Model of the Quark Mixing Matrix
The structure of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix is analyzed from
the standpoint of a composite model. A model is constructed with three families
of quarks, by taking tensor products of sufficient numbers of spin-1/2
representations and imagining the dominant terms in the mass matrix to arise
from spin-spin interactions. Generic results then obtained include the familiar
relation , and a less frequently
seen relation . The magnitudes of
and come out naturally to be of the right order. The phase in
the CKM matrix can be put in by hand, but its origin remains obscure.Comment: Presented by Mihir P. Worah at DPF 92 Meeting, Fermilab, November,
1992. 3 pages, LaTeX fil
FAPRI 2000 U.S. Agricultural Outlook
Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,
A Tumbling Top-Quark Condensate Model
We propose a renormalizable model with no fundamental scalars which breaks
itself in the manner of a "tumbling" gauge theory down to the standard model
with a top-quark condensate. Because of anomaly cancellation requirements, this
model contains two color sextet fermions (quixes), which are vector-like with
respect to the standard model gauge group. The model also has a large number of
pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons, some of which can be light. The top-quark
condensate is responsible for breaking the electroweak gauge symmetry and gives
the top quark a large mass. We discuss the qualitative features and instructive
shortcomings of the model in its present form. We also show that this model can
be naturally embedded into an aesthetically pleasing model in which the
standard model fermion families appear symmetrically.Comment: 16 pages. v2: TeX formatting fixed, no other change
FAPRI 2001 U.S. and World Agricultural Outlook
Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,
FAPRI 2000 World Agricultural Outlook
The Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) prepares a preliminary agricultural outlook on world agricultural production, consumption, and trade every fall. This is followed by an outside review, re-evaluation of projections, and completion of the final baseline in January. The FAPRI 2000 World Agricultural Outlook presents these final projections for world agricultural markets. A companion volume, the FAPRI 2000 U.S. Agricultural Outlook, presents the U.S. component of the baseline. FAPRI projections assume average weather patterns worldwide, existing policy, and policy commitments under current trade agreements. FAPRI projections do not include conjectures on potential policy changes, such as those resulting from the likely eastward enlargement of the European Union (EU). The baseline predicts recovery of world agricultural production, consumption, and trade, but with remaining price weakness for crops. Stock-to-use ratios in world crop markets remain high despite the strong recovery of Asian and Latin American economies. Above-average yields kept world production high relative to demand in 1999. In contrast, pork and beef prices are increasing significantly above their 1999 level. The physical volume of U.S. agricultural exports is projected to reverse the downward trend of fiscal year (FY) 1999, whereas the value of agricultural exports continue to decline for one more year before recovering because of low crop prices in 2000/01. World crop trade is projected to increase by 55 million metric tons (mmt) in the coming decade, with the United States capturing 49 percent of the expanded market, but still unable to increase its market share by a large percentage. Following this expansion of the market, grain prices increase by 35 percent in the projection period, but still stay well below the peak of 1995/96. The increase in world crop trade reflects the increasing specialization occurring in world agriculture. Increased market access and land scarcity in many Asian economies induce them to import grains and oilseeds to meet their feed demand. Developing Asia remains the fastest growing market for corn in the next decade. With implementation of Agenda 2000 reforms, the EU will reduce its wheat domestic price relative to the world price and will export wheat without subsidies after 2004, constraining gains in market shares for the United States. EU barley exports will expand significantly in the coming years but are likely to be constrained by General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) commitments on export subsidies after 2004. World meat trade will increase by 31 percent over the next decade. The United States has become a competitive producer and exporter of meat products. In the coming decade, the United States will experience the largest meat export growth rates among major exporters of beef, pork, and broilers. U.S. exporters capture more than 70 percent of the growth in trade, increasing their share of the combined meat markets from 23 percent in 1999 to 37 percent in 2009. Meat imports are recovering and expanding rapidly in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. In Japan, the share of imports in consumption increases from 38 percent in the 1990s to 49 percent at the end of the next decade. Taiwan meat imports will triple from 1990-1999 levels to 2000-2009 levels, driven by imports of beef, non muscle pork products, and the opening of the poultry market. Recovery of Asian food demand will prompt dairy prices to grow by about 1 percent per year over the next decade. Total milk production is projected to increase, with particularly strong growth in the United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil. Most of the growth occurs through yield increases. Per capita cheese consumption is expected to grow by 1 to 2 percent a year in most countries.Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,
A Complex Containing the CPSF73 Endonuclease and Other Polyadenylation Factors Associates with U7 snRNP and Is Recruited to Histone Pre-mRNA for 3'-End Processing
Animal replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs are processed at the 3âČ end by endonucleolytic cleavage that is not followed by polyadenylation. The cleavage reaction is catalyzed by CPSF73 and depends on the U7 snRNP and its integral component, Lsm11. A critical role is also played by the 220-kDa protein FLASH, which interacts with Lsm11. Here we demonstrate that the N-terminal regions of these two proteins form a platform that tightly interacts with a unique combination of polyadenylation factors: symplekin, CstF64, and all CPSF subunits, including the endonuclease CPSF73. The interaction is inhibited by alterations in each component of the FLASH/Lsm11 complex, including point mutations in FLASH that are detrimental for processing. The same polyadenylation factors are associated with the endogenous U7 snRNP and are recruited in a U7-dependent manner to histone pre-mRNA. Collectively, our studies identify the molecular mechanism that recruits the CPSF73 endonuclease to histone pre-mRNAs, reveal an unexpected complexity of the U7 snRNP, and suggest that in animal cells polyadenylation factors assemble into two alternative complexesâone specifically crafted to generate polyadenylated mRNAs and the other to generate nonpolyadenylated histone mRNAs that end with the stem-loop
Neutrino masses from universal Fermion mixing
If three right-handed neutrinos are added to the Standard Model, then, for
the three known generations, there are six quarks and six leptons. It is then
natural to assume that the symmetry considerations that have been applied to
the quark matrices are also valid for the lepton mass matrices. Under this
assumption, the solar and atmospheric neutrino data can be used to determine
the individual neutrino masses. Using the \chi^2 fit, it is found that the mass
of the lightest neutrino is (2-5)\times10^{-3} eV, that of the next heavier
neutrino is (10-13)\times10^{-3} eV, while the mass of the heaviest neutrino is
(52-54)\times10^{-3} eV.Comment: 27 pages, LaTeX, including several figure
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