The first Paratropididae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) from Colombia: new genus, species and records

The family of mygalomorph spiders Paratropididae Simon, 1889 is here reported for the first time for Colombia, where it is represented by three genera (Anisaspis, Paratropis, Stormtropis gen. n.) and eight species. One genus, Stormtropis, and six species constitute new taxa that are here diagnosed, described and illustrated. The geographical distribution of Paratropis papilligera FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 and Paratropis elicioi Dupérré, 2015 are also redescribed and expanded on the basis of new material examined. The diagnosis of the subfamily Paratropidinae, Paratropis Simon, 1889 and Anisaspis Simon, 1892 are emended including the variations of the new species. Likewise, a geographic distribution map for the entire family and a taxonomic key for the males of Paratropidinae are included. Other biogeographic, morphological, and taxonomic aspects are discussed

Longitudinal Changes in Psychological Adaptation Outcomes During Spinal Cord Injury Inpatient Rehabilitation

Impact and Implications Although the psychological adaptation process to a spinal cord injury (SCI) may extend over years, improvements in mental health and life satisfaction can be observed at the group level during SCI inpatient rehabilitation. Still, at the individual level, different adaptation patterns such as improvement, resilience, or vulnerability can be identified. Clinicians should be aware that resilient responses in some adaptation outcomes may coexist with vulnerability in other outcomes. These findings highlight the importance screening processes during inpatient rehabilitation to detect early signs of psychological adaptation issues, and the need for psychosocial support extending beyondinpatient rehabilitation. Specific psychosocial factors can be targeted during inpatient rehabilitation to promote a more favorable psychological adaptation process across different outcomes with more general self-efficacy and social support contributing to improvement in depressive symptoms and optimism to improvements in distress and life satisfaction. Objectives: To determine average changes and individuals' patterns of change in depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, general distress, and life satisfaction between admission to spinal cord injury inpatient rehabilitation and discharge; and to identify factors associated with change. Method: Longitudinal data collection as part of a national cohort study (N = 281). Changes in the psychological adaptation outcomes were analyzed using latent change score models. Reliable change indexes were calculated for each outcome to identify individuals' patterns of change. Biopsychosocial factors were examined as covariates of change. Results: On average, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and general distress decreased between admission and discharge, while life satisfaction increased. According to the reliable change indexes, several adaptation patterns were identified. The proportion of individuals following each pattern varied depending on the analyzed outcome: resilience (absence of clinically relevant symptoms at admission and discharge) was the most common for symptoms of depression (61.57%) and anxiety (66.55%), whereas vulnerability (clinically relevant symptoms at both measurement times) was the most common for distress (57.32%). Improvement patterns (statistically significant decreases) were identified for 6.41%, 4.27%, and 7.83% of participants in depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and distress, respectively. For life satisfaction, improvement (statistically significant increases) was found for 8.54%. Male sex, tetraplegia, self-efficacy, optimism, and social support were associated with average changes in the psychological adaptation outcomes. Conclusions: On average, participants showed improvement in all analyzed outcomes. Still, there is substantial variability in change. Self-efficacy, social support, and optimism are potential intervention targets during inpatient rehabilitation to promote a favorable psychological adaptation process

Inverse Problems in a Bayesian Setting

In a Bayesian setting, inverse problems and uncertainty quantification (UQ) --- the propagation of uncertainty through a computational (forward) model --- are strongly connected. In the form of conditional expectation the Bayesian update becomes computationally attractive. We give a detailed account of this approach via conditional approximation, various approximations, and the construction of filters. Together with a functional or spectral approach for the forward UQ there is no need for time-consuming and slowly convergent Monte Carlo sampling. The developed sampling-free non-linear Bayesian update in form of a filter is derived from the variational problem associated with conditional expectation. This formulation in general calls for further discretisation to make the computation possible, and we choose a polynomial approximation. After giving details on the actual computation in the framework of functional or spectral approximations, we demonstrate the workings of the algorithm on a number of examples of increasing complexity. At last, we compare the linear and nonlinear Bayesian update in form of a filter on some examples.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1312.504

Caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del fruto de maraco (theobroma bicolor h.b.k.) durante su desarrollo

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar fisiológicamente el desarrollo y la maduración del fruto de maraca y encontrar parámetros que permitan su adecuado manejo en pre y poscosecha. Las muestras de los frutos requeridos para el trabajo procedieron del Centro Experimental El Trueno del Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI. Los análisis de laboratorio se llevaron a cabo en el Laboratorio de Postcosecha de la Planta de Vegetales del ICTA de la Universidad Nacional. Para alcanzar los objetivos se determinaron los cambios fisiológicos y fisicoquímicos más importantes durante la fase reproductiva del cultivo, estableciéndose la curva del patrón respiratorio y las variaciones de pH, acidez (% Acido cítrico), grados brix (%), azúcares reductores y totales (mg glu/100 g pulpa), vitamina C (mg Acido ascórbico/100g pulpa) e índice de madurez. La fase de madurez comercial se contempló desde los 83 días, donde la respiración mostró valores muy bajos; sólo a los 113 días, al finalizar el estudio se observó un incremento de la intensidad respiratoria, condición característica de los frutos clirnatéricos. Este comportamiento estuvo acompañado de un ascenso del pH y descenso de la acidez; hubo un aumento significativo de los grados brix y azúcares reductores y totales.This study was carried out to characterize the physiological developement and maturity of maraco fruit in arder to determine an adequate harvest and postharvest handling of the fruit. It was measured the physiological and physicochemical changes during the reproductive stage of the plant. It was determined a respiratory curve of either pH, acidity, brix, reduced and total sugars, vitamin C and maturity index variations. The commercial ripening stage was considered from 83 day, where the respiratory intensity showed the lowest value to the day 113. At this point it was observed an increase of the respiratory intensity, indicative of the climateric condition of maraco's fruit. This behavior was also accompanied with an increase in pH, brix and total and reduced sugars

Diagnosis of Human Visceral Pentastomiasis

Visceral pentastomiasis in humans is caused by the larval stages (nymphs) of the arthropod-related tongue worms Linguatula serrata, Armillifer armillatus, A. moniliformis, A. grandis, and Porocephalus crotali. The majority of cases has been reported from Africa, Malaysia, and the Middle East, where visceral pentastomiasis may be an incidental finding in autopsies, and less often from China and Latin America. In Europe and North America, the disease is only rarely encountered in immigrants and long-term travelers, and the parasitic lesions may be confused with malignancies, leading to a delay in the correct diagnosis. Since clinical symptoms are variable and serological tests are not readily available, the diagnosis often relies on histopathological examinations. This laboratory symposium focuses on the diagnosis of this unusual parasitic disease and presents its risk factors and epidemiology

Homeosis in a scorpion supports a telopodal origin of pectines and components of the book lungs

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Publisher Correction: Toxoplasma Modulates Signature Pathways of Human Epilepsy, Neurodegeneration & Cancer.

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The epithelial cholinergic system of the airways

Acetylcholine (ACh), a classical transmitter of parasympathetic nerve fibres in the airways, is also synthesized by a large number of non-neuronal cells, including airway surface epithelial cells. Strongest expression of cholinergic traits is observed in neuroendocrine and brush cells but other epithelial cell types—ciliated, basal and secretory—are cholinergic as well. There is cell type-specific expression of the molecular pathways of ACh release, including both the vesicular storage and exocytotic release known from neurons, and transmembrane release from the cytosol via organic cation transporters. The subcellular distribution of the ACh release machineries suggests luminal release from ciliated and secretory cells, and basolateral release from neuroendocrine cells. The scenario as known so far strongly suggests a local auto-/paracrine role of epithelial ACh in regulating various aspects on the innate mucosal defence mechanisms, including mucociliary clearance, regulation of macrophage function and modulation of sensory nerve fibre activity. The proliferative effects of ACh gain importance in recently identified ACh receptor disorders conferring susceptibility to lung cancer. The cell type-specific molecular diversity of the epithelial ACh synthesis and release machinery implies that it is differently regulated than neuronal ACh release and can be specifically targeted by appropriate drugs