Growth enhancement of grapevine call us by catechin on auxin-free media

Proliferating Spätburgunder cells cultured in vitro were found to synthesize the monomeric and oligomeric flavanols catechin, C2, B3, B1, B2 prodelphinidin, ECG (epicatechin gallate), B2G, B2-gallate and B5. Catechin and prodelphinidin were the predominating compounds of all calli studied. Growth promotion of calli from Spatburgunder and Romulus was studied using MS media containing benzyladenine (BA) alone (control), BA plus catechin, and BA combined with two different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Growth on BA alone was notably reduced. Catechin (68 µM) stimulated callus growth several-fold when combined with 0.8 µM BA; however, this effect was only observed with explants excised from internodes of vigorously growing young shoots

Flavanols in grapevine: In vitro accumulation and defence reactions in shoots

Callus of two grapevine cultivars was cultivated for 4 weeks on MS-medium, half strength, which was additionally supplemented with abscisic acid (ABA), (+)-catechin or a combination of both. (+)-Catechin did not elevate the pool size of the callus flavanols. Application of 3 % sucrose caused a significant increase of the callus flavanols, whereas the response to ABA was quite variable. Leaves and shoots of cv. Spatburgunder (Pinot noir) were examined histologically on the mode of flavanol deposition. The flavanols of the leaf mesophyll were spread evenly throughout the central vacuole whereas those of the outer shoot cortex were confined to special intravacuolar globules. The amorphous leaf flavanols were converted into globdar ones in the vicinity of fungal infections. Apparently, the central vacuole acquires special adjustment under the influence of infection stress. When paraquat was applied to the shoots, amorphous material was attached towards the cell walls. Additionally, the globular flavanols disappeared which could be reversed by addition of (+)-catechin. Thus, (+)-catechin diminished the oxidative damage caused by the oxygen radical producing herbicide. (+)-Catechin and epicatechin are the dominant flavanols of the leaves, whereas the dimeric proanthocyanidins B3 and B1 (PAs) predominate in the callus

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to demonstrate the nuclear binding of flavanols and (--epigallocatechin gallate

The use of light microscopy and DMACA staining strongly suggested that plant and animal cell nuclei act as sinks for flavanols [1, 2]. Detailed uv-vis spectroscopic titration experiments indicated that histone proteins are the likely binding sites in the nucleus [2]. Here we report the development of a multi-photon excitation microscopy technique combined with fluorescent lifetime measurements of flavanols. Using this technique, (+) catechin, (-) epicatechin and (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) showed strikingly different excited state lifetimes in solution. Interaction of histone proteins with flavanols was indicated by the appearance of a significant τ2-component of 1.7 to 4.0ns. Tryptophan interference could be circumvented in the in vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) experiments with 2-photon excitation at 630nm. This enabled visualisation and semi-quantitative measurements that demonstrated unequivocally the absorption of (+)catechin, (-)epicatechin and EGCG by nuclei of onion cells. 3D FLIM revealed for the first time that externally added EGCG penetrated the whole nucleus in onion cells. The relative proportions of EGCG in cytoplasm: nucleus: nucleoli were ca. 1:10:100. FLIM experiments may therefore facilitate probing the health effects of EGCG, which is the major constituent of green tea

Ermittlung der Kalium- und Calciumverteilung in Traubenachsen von Vitis vinifera mit Hilfe der Röntgenstrahlenmikroanalyse am Rasterelektronenmikroskop

Bei einem Limberger-Klon wurden Untersuchungen durchgeführt, welche Beziehungen zwischen der Kalium/Calcium-Relation und der Stiellähmeerkrankung aufzeigen. Hierfür wurde ein Verfahren mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop und einem Röntgenspektrometer angewandt. Es gestattet die Analyse kleinster Gewebekomplexe im Anfangsstadium der Krankheit. Untersucht wurden völlig gesunde und kranke Pflanzen - bei letzteren sowohl gesund erscheinende Stellen an Traubenstielen als auch schwach erkrankte Gewebe. Die Messungen erfolgten an der Stieloberfläche und an Querschnitten.Alle Untersuchungen zeigen, daß mit Beginn der Stiellähmekrankheit der Kalium/Calcium-Quotient größer wird. Davon sind die Oberfläche, das Rindenparenchym und auch das Xylem betroffen. Die größte Disharmonie zwischen Kalium und Calcium besteht im großzelligen Rindenparenchym.Determination of the K/Ca ratio in rachises of the vine clusters (Vitis vinifera L.) by an X-ray microanalyser with a scanning electron microscopeThe present study was conducted on rachises of Vitis vinifera L. during the early phase of stalk necrosis disease ('Stiellähme'). Amounts of K and Ca were recorded by an energy dispersion X-ray analyser with a scanning electron microscope.Samples were taken from healthy and diseased plants, the affected plants being divided into seemingly healthy and slightly necrotic tissues.In the case of the healthy-looking tissue from diseased plants, the ratio of K/Ca is high when compared with healthy plants. This tendency is accentuated in tissues with visible symptoms in the early phase of stalk necrosis disease.The imbalance between K and Ca was considerable, especially in the large parenchyma cells of the cortex and was less accentuated in the xylem and on the surface of the rachis

Two-Loop Sudakov Form Factor in a Theory with Mass Gap

The two-loop Sudakov form factor is computed in a U(1) model with a massive gauge boson and a $U(1)\times U(1)$ model with mass gap. We analyze the result in the context of hard and infrared evolution equations and establish a matching procedure which relates the theories with and without mass gap setting the stage for the complete calculation of the dominant two-loop corrections to electroweak processes at high energy.Comment: Latex, 5 pages, 2 figures. Bernd Feucht is Bernd Jantzen in later publications. (The contents of the paper is unchanged.

Electroweak Sudakov Logarithms and Real Gauge-Boson Radiation in the TeV Region

Electroweak radiative corrections give rise to large negative, double-logarithmically enhanced corrections in the TeV region. These are partly compensated by real radiation and, moreover, affected by selecting isospin-noninvariant external states. We investigate the impact of real gauge boson radiation more quantitatively by considering different restricted final state configurations. We consider successively a massive abelian gauge theory, a spontaneously broken SU(2) theory and the electroweak Standard Model. We find that details of the choice of the phase space cuts, in particular whether a fraction of collinear and soft radiation is included, have a strong impact on the relative amount of real and virtual corrections.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figure

Differential functional benefits of ultra highfield MR systems within the language network

Several investigations have shown limitations of fMRI reliability with the current standard field strengths. Improvement is expected from ultra highfield systems but studies on possible benefits for cognitive networks are lacking. Here we provide an initial investigation on a prominent and clinically highly-relevant cognitive function: language processing in individual brains. 26 patients evaluated for presurgical language localization were investigated with a standardized overt language fMRI paradigm on both 3T and 7T MR scanners. During data acquisition and analysis we made particular efforts to minimize effects not related to static magnetic field strength differences. Six measures relevant for functional activation showed a large dissociation between essential language network nodes: although in Wernicke's area 5/6 measures indicated a benefit of ultra highfield, in Broca's area no comparison was significant. The most important reason for this discrepancy was identified as being an increase in susceptibility-related artifacts in inferior frontal brain areas at ultra high field. We conclude that functional UHF benefits are evident, however these depend crucially on the brain region investigated and the ability to control local artifacts

1955 Ruby Yearbook

A digitized copy of the 1955 Ruby, the Ursinus College yearbook.https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/ruby/1058/thumbnail.jp

Phenolic compounds in young developing kiwifruit in relation to light exposure: Implications for fruit calcium accumulation

The interaction between light availability and the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in fruit of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa, C.F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson) was investigated. Fruits were exposed either to natural light or were artificially shaded while growing on mature vines and were analysed weekly during the first 11 weeks of development. Phenols were identified and quantified by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that the predominant phenolic compounds were hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), flavonols and the flavan 3-ol epicatechin. Calcium (Ca2+), the main mineral nutrient involved in fruit quality was also determined. Light significantly increased the accumulation of both phenols and Ca2+ into the fruit. This work expands the list of known phenolics in kiwifruit and provides a possible explanation for the seasonal pattern of Ca2+ import into the fruit. Results on light–phenol interaction being apparently beneficial for fruit Ca2+ accumulation, suggest that accurate canopy management could enhance fruit quality

Electroweak corrections to W-boson pair production at the LHC

Vector-boson pair production ranks among the most important Standard-Model benchmark processes at the LHC, not only in view of on-going Higgs analyses. These processes may also help to gain a deeper understanding of the electroweak interaction in general, and to test the validity of the Standard Model at highest energies. In this work, the first calculation of the full one-loop electroweak corrections to on-shell W-boson pair production at hadron colliders is presented. We discuss the impact of the corrections on the total cross section as well as on relevant differential distributions. We observe that corrections due to photon-induced channels can be amazingly large at energies accessible at the LHC, while radiation of additional massive vector bosons does not influence the results significantly.Comment: 29 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables; some references and comments on \gamma\gamma -> WW added; matches version published in JHE